Ethical Values in Business Essay

The corporate world – an integral part of our lives, the soul of a country’s economic growth, a world filled with hustle – bustle 24*7, a world that generates employment for every second person you meet†¦ But, sadly, it is also the domicile of power games and foul play and this is the reason why a look at ‘ETHICS AND VALUES IN BUSNIESS’ is critical and relevant. Business has created wealth that has given an unprecedented number of individuals’ financial control of their lives. It has expanded a person’s horizon infinitely, broken down all perceivable barriers. In short, business has been a prime mover in making it possible for millions to pursue their lives in a wealthy, healthy, rational and exciting world. Yet no other human institution has been so plagued by suspicions of immorality. â€Å"Business ethics,† the old joke goes, â€Å"Isn’t that a contradiction in terms?† Business ethics is a form of the art of applied ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment. In the increasingly conscience-focused marketplaces of the 21st century, the demand for more ethical business processes and actions ~ Ethicism, is increasing. Simultaneously, pressure is applied on industry to improve business ethics through new public initiatives and laws. This paper  takes a peek into the enterprises that have proved that there is room for ethics and values in business. See how ethical corporates already are and how their ethics facilitate them to be leaders in their industry. SCOPE OF THIS PAPER: Understanding ethics and the concept of Business Ethics Impact of ethics in the ï‚ § Manufacturing Sector ï‚ § Education Sector ï‚ § IT/ITES & BPO Sector ï‚ § Food Industry ï‚ § Media and Advertising Cases and Examples INTRODUCTION The corporate world – an integral part of our lives, the soul of a country’s economic growth, a world filled with hustle – bustle 24*7, a world that generates employment for every second person you meet†¦ But, sadly, it is also the domicile of power games and foul play and this is the reason why a look at ‘ETHICS AND VALUES IN BUSNIESS’ is critical and relevant. Of the Institutions that have contributed to the quality of human life, business ranks with science, art, and education. Business has created the wealth that has given unprecedented numbers of individuals’ financial control of their lives. It has expanded immeasurably the range of goods and services available to individuals. It has broken down countless centuriesold barriers of racial, sexual, religious, and ethnic prejudice. And it has been the vehicle for countless numbers of individuals to develop their fullest potentials in achieving their dreams. In short, business has been a prime mover in making it possible for millions to pursue their lives in a wealthy, healthy, rational and exciting world. Yet no other human institution has been so plagued by suspicions of immorality. â€Å"Business ethics,† the old joke goes, â€Å"Isn’t that a contradiction in terms?† The credibility of the term ‘Business Ethics’ has come into question, in recent times as ‘business ethics’ is increasingly being considered an oxymoron. It is generally believed that business and ethics cannot coexist and organizations are said to thrive on unethical practices. Business ethics, as far from being a contradiction in terms, has become one of the most important areas of managerial competence and responsibility. The ethics question warrants  exploration on several levels: 1. At the macro- level: focusing on the ethical rightness of the system. 2. At the corporate-level: focusing the decisions that impact others. 3. At the individual-level: within an entity. The major issues in business ethics can be classified into four areas: The relationship between business and consumers The relationship between employers and employees The nature and value of special forms of business organization—most notably, that of the corporation The nature and value of financial markets The issue of the proper scope of government regulation cuts across these four categories. Miscellaneous issues such as waste disposal (â€Å"the environment†) and investing in morally dubious foreign nations (such as Communist China or Iraq) are often debated in the business ethics literature, but are primarily issues of political theory and so do not fit into the above business ethics categories. Changing Corporate Landscape Increasing number of Corporate Scandals Concern towards the wealth creation process ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § It’s Mr.Clean vs. Ms Controversial (12/7/2007) BJP smells a scam in wheat import contracts (12/7/2007) Sweet & Sour: Light on calories, light on value? (23/6/2007) Fresh battle: China plays down food-safety troubles (14/6/2007) BP CEO quits over scandal (02/05/2007) Siemens CEO, dogged by bribery affair, quits (26/4/2007) Nasdaq founder Macklin dead (02/02/2007) Siemens chief quits as co faces bribery, corruption charges (21/4/2007) CFOs find it ‘ suffocating’ these days (29/1/2007) Ex-Cendant chairman gets over 12 years in jail (19/01/2007) ~Source: Economic Times, Mumbai ïÆ'Ëœ According to a specials report in Times of India; It is disgraceful that the poverty ratio is 28% (according to a recent government estimate) after half a century of independence. Why so? It is because, despite spending enormous sums, the government has failed dismally to provide every village with the basics of growth. BUSINESS ETHICS The concept of Business Ethics has come to mean various things to various people, but generally it’s coming to know what it right or wrong in the workplace and doing what’s right -this is in regard to effects of products/services and in relationships with stakeholders. Caveat emptor: This ancient Latin proverb let the buyer beware, tells us that business ethics has been a societal concern going back a long ways indeed. Ethics is not an exact science. People define Ethics in accordance with their own set of values which differ depending on time, place and culture. Webster’s defines Ethics as â€Å"the discipline dealing with what is good and bad or right and wrong or with moral duty and obligation.† The word derives from the Greek word meaning â€Å"moral,† a Latin word with roots in â€Å"mores† or â€Å"customs†Ã¢â‚¬â€in other words the values held by society. Business Ethics is a form of the art of applied ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment. In the increasingly conscience-focused marketplaces of the 21st century, the demand for more ethical business processes and actions ~ Ethicism, is increasing. Simultaneously, pressure is applied on industry to improve business ethics through new public initiatives and laws. The simplest definition of ethics and moral values would be to not distinguish between the two and say that they describe what is right and what is wrong in human behavior and what ought to be. Business ethics are the desired norms of behavior exclusively dealing with commercial transactions. Moral values are deep seated ideas and feelings that manifest themselves as behavior or conduct. If we know the consequences of our actions we can convert values into rules of behavior that can then be described as ethics, i.e, Values + Knowledge = Ethics In the business world, ethics often are displaced by greed when there is a periodic frenzy of rising stock market prices. Inevitably, a steep downturn then inflicts losses on investors and on businesses with a concomitant reduction in the  work force. An excessive competitive spirit tends to induce unethical business practices so the business world becomes a battlefield where the normal rules are flouted, skirted or simply disregarded. The en suing instability is bad for the economy and for the government. TWO BROAD AREAS OF BUSINESS ETHICS 1. Managerial mischief. Madsen and Shafritz, in their book â€Å"Essentials of Business Ethics† explain that â€Å"managerial mischief† includes â€Å"illegal, unethical, or questionable practices of individual managers or organizations, as well as the causes of such behaviours and remedies to eradicate them.† There has been a great deal written about managerial mischief, leading many to believe that business ethics is merely a matter of preaching the basics of what is right and wrong. More often, though, business ethics is a matter of dealing with dilemmas that have no clear indication of what is right or wrong. 2. Moral mazes. The other broad area of business ethics is â€Å"moral mazes of management† and includes the numerous ethical problems that managers must deal with on a daily basis, such as potential conflicts of interest, wrongful use of resources, mismanagement of contracts and agreements, etc. THREE APPROACHES TO ETHICS The field of ethics, also called moral philosophy, involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas or three main approaches to ethics – Normative Ethics, Descriptive Ethics and Meta-Ethics. NORMATIVE ETHICS: This was the prevalent form of ethics in philosophy until the end of the 19th century. What things are good and bad and what kind of actions / behavior are right and wrong. It involves how people ought to act on the principles, how they make moral choices, and how rules apply to individual lives. It includes a consideration of the importance of human freedom, and a discussion of the limits of a human’s responsibility for moral decisions and for the consequences of actions. Consideration for the role of conscience in moral decision making is also a part of Normative ethics. This may come from an established group of culture, such as the Christian tradition, or it may be based on some other way of thinking. This is the traditional way of doing Ethics. DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS: It is the study of ways in which different people and different societies have answered moral questions. It can be described as moral sociology or moral anthropology, a description of the moral code prevailing in different societies. It involves different approaches inside one society to the resolution of ethical problems. META-ETHICS: This is sometimes called moral philosophy or philosophical ethics. This group attracts most interest today. It seeks to understand the meaning and function moral language, of ethical terms like good and bad. It looks at the logic used in arriving at the conclusion of an argument that justifies a moral choice. Posing an ethical question illustrates the different ways the two positions respond to it. If you asked the question â€Å"Is pre-marital sex right,† a Normative Ethical answer would be more concerned with the reasons why it might be right or wrong, how they relate to certain teachings, or traditions of, say the Christian Church, or some other group. A meta-Ethical response would be more interested in what you mean by right, and what it means by a right sexual action as opposed to a wrong one. Meta Ethics has produced a number of different schools, which we will look at over the coming few weeks: ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Ethical Naturalism (Definism) Ethical Non-naturalism (Intuitionism) Ethical Non-cognitivism (Emotivism) FOUR VIEWS OF ETHICS Recent corporate scandals including Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, and ImClone may cause many to conclude that corporate has no ethics. The term ethics refers to rules and principles that define right and wrong conduct. FOUR VIEWS OF ETHICS 1. UTILITARIAN VIEW of ethics says that: ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Ethical decisions are made solely on the basis of their outcomes or consequences. Greatest good is provided for the greatest number Encourages efficiency and productivity and is consistent with the goal of profit maximization 2. RIGHTS VIEW of ethics is concerned with respecting and protecting individual liberties and privileges such as the rights to privacy, free speech, and due process. ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Respecting and protecting individual liberties and privileges Seeks to protect individual rights of conscience,  free speech, life and safety, and due process To make ethical decisions, managers need to avoid interfering with the fundamental rights of others 3. Theory of Justice View of ethics is where managers impose and enforce rules fairly and impartially and do so by following all legal rules and regulations. ï‚ § ï‚ § Organizational rules are enforced fairly and impartially and follow all legal rules and regulations Protects the interests of underrepresented stakeholders and the rights of employees 4. INTEGRATIVE SOCIAL CONTRACTS theory proposes that ethical decisions be based on existing ethical norms in industries and communities in determining what constitutes right and wrong. ï‚ § ï‚ § Acts are moral when they promote the individual’s best long-term interests, which ultimately leads to the greater good Individualism is believed to lead to honesty and integrity because that works best in the long run OVERVIEW OF ISSUES IN BUSINESS ETHICS GENERAL BUSINESS ETHICS This part of business ethics overlaps with the philosophy of business, one of the aims of which is to determine the fundamental purposes of a company. If a company’s main purpose is to maximize the returns to its shareholders, then it could be seen as unethical for a company to consider the interests and rights of anyone else. Corporate social responsibility or CSR: an umbrella term under which the ethical rights and duties existing between companies and society is debated. Issues regarding the moral rights and duties between a company and its shareholders: fiduciary responsibility, stakeholder concept v. shareholder concept. Ethical issues concerning relations between different companies: e.g. hostile takeovers, industrial espionage. Leadership issues: corporate governance. Political contributions made by corporations. Law reform, such as the ethical debate over introducing a crime of corporate manslaughter. The misuse of corporate ethics policies as marketing instruments. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS Professional ethics covers the myriad practical ethical problems and phenomena which arise out of specific functional areas of companies or in relation to recognized business professions. ETHICS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION Creative accounting, earnings management, misleading financial analysis. Insider trading, securities fraud, bucket shop, forex scams: concerns (criminal) manipulation of the financial markets. Executive compensation: concerns excessive payments made to corporate CEO’s. Bribery, kickbacks, and facilitation payments: while these may be in the (short-term) interests of the company and its shareholders, these practices may be anti-competitive or offend against the values of society. ETHICS OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT The ethics of human resource management (HRM) covers those ethical issues arising around the employer-employee relationship, such as the rights and duties owed between employer and employee. Discrimination issues include discrimination on the bases of age (ageism), gender, race, religion, disabilities, weight and attractiveness. See also: affirmative action, sexual harassment. Issues surrounding the representation of employees and the democratization of the workplace: union busting, strike breaking. Issues affecting the privacy of the employee: workplace surveillance, drug testing. Issues affecting the privacy of the employer: whistle-blowing. Issues relating to the fairness of the employment contract and the balance of power between employer and employee: slavery, indentured servitude, employment law. Occupational safety and health. ETHICS OF SALES AND MARKETING Marketing which goes beyond the mere provision of information about (and access to) a product may seek to manipulate our values and behavior. To some extent society regards this as acceptable, but where is the ethical line to be drawn? Marketing ethics overlaps strongly with media ethics, because marketing makes heavy use of media. However, media ethics is a much larger topic and extends outside business ethics. Pricing: price fixing, price discrimination, price skimming. Anti-competitive practices: these include but go beyond pricing tactics to cover issues such as manipulation of loyalty and supply chains. See: anti-competitive practices, antitrust law. Specific marketing strategies: greenwash, bait and switch, shill, viral marketing, spam (electronic), pyramid scheme, planned obsolescence. Content of advertisements: attack ads, subliminal messages, sex in advertising, products regarded as immoral or harmful Children and marketing: marketing in schools . ETHICS OF PRODUCTION This area of business ethics deals with the duties of a company to ensure that products and production processes do not cause harm. Some of the more acute dilemmas in this area arise out of the fact that there is usually a degree of danger in any product or production process and it is difficult to define a degree of permissibility, or the degree of permissibility may depend on the changing state of preventative technologies or changing social perceptions of acceptable risk. Defective, addictive and inherently dangerous products and services (e.g. tobacco, alcohol, weapons, motor vehicles, chemical manufacturing, bungee  jumping). Ethical relations between the company and the environment: pollution, environmental ethics, carbon emissions trading. Ethical problems arising out of new technologies: genetically modified food, mobile phone radiation and health. Product testing ethics: animal rights and animal testing, use of economically disadvantaged groups (such as students) as test objects. ETHICS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS Knowledge and skills are valuable but not easily â€Å"ownable† objects. Nor is it obvious who has the greater rights to an idea: the company who trained the employee or the employee themselves? The country in which the plant grew, or the company which discovered and developed the plant’s medicinal potential? As a result, attempts to assert ownership and ethical disputes over ownership arise. Patent infringement, copyright infringement, trademark infringement. Misuse of the intellectual property systems to stifle competition: patent misuse, copyright misuse, patent troll, submarine patent. Even the notion of intellectual property itself has been criticised on ethical grounds: see intellectual property. Employee raiding: the practice of attracting key employees away from a competitor to take unfair advantage of the knowledge or skills they may possess. The practice of employing all the most talented people in a specific field, regardless of need, in order to prevent any competitors employing them. Bioprospecting (ethical) and biopiracy (unethical). Business intelligence and industrial espionage. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ETHICS AND ETHICS OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS The issues here are grouped together because they involve a much wider, global view on business ethical matters. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ETHICS While business ethics emerged as a field in the 1970s, international business ethics did not emerge until the late 1990s, looking back on the international developments of that decade. Many new  practical issues arose out of the international context of business. Theoretical issues such as cultural relativity of ethical values receive more emphasis in this field. Other, older issues can be grouped here as well. Issues and subfields include: The search for universal values as a basis for international commercial behavior. Comparison of business ethical traditions in different countries. Comparison of business ethical traditions from various religious perspectives. Ethical issues arising out of international business transactions; e.g. bioprospecting and biopiracy in the pharmaceutical industry; the fair trade movement; transfer pricing. Issues such as globalization and cultural imperialism. Varying global standards – e.g. the use of child labour. The way in which multinationals take advantage of international differences, such as outsourcing production (e.g. clothes) and services (e.g. call centre’s) to low-wage countries. The permissibility of international commerce with pariah states. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS ETHICS CONFLICTING INTERESTS Business ethics can be examined from various perspectives, including the perspective of the employee, the commercial enterprise, and society as a whole. Very often, situations arise in which there is conflict between one or more of the parties, such that serving the interest of one party is a detriment to the other(s). For example, a particular outcome might be good for the employee, whereas, it would be bad for the company, society, or vice versa. Some ethicists (e.g., Henry Sidgwick) see the principal role of ethics as the harmonization and reconciliation of conflicting interests. ETHICAL ISSUES AND APPROACHES Philosophers and others disagree about the purpose of a business ethic in society. For example, some suggest that the principal purpose of a business is to maximize returns to its owners, or in the case of a publicly-traded concern, its shareholders. Thus, under this view, only those activities that increase profitability and shareholder value should be encouraged. Some believe that the only companies that are likely to survive in a competitive marketplace are those that place profit maximization above everything else. However, some point out that self interest would still require a business to obey the law and adhere to basic moral rules, because the consequences of failing to do so could be very costly in fines, loss of licensure, or company reputation. The economist Milton Friedman was a leading proponent of this view. Other theorists contend that a business has moral duties that extend well beyond serving the interests of its owners or stockholders, and that these duties consist of more than simply obeying the law. They believe a business has moral responsibilities to so-called stakeholders, people who have an interest in the conduct of the business, which might include employees, customers, vendors, the local community, or even society as a whole. They would say that stakeholders have certain rights with regard to how the business operates, and some would suggest that this includes even rights of governance. Some theorists have adapted social contract theory to business, whereby companies become quasi-democratic associations, and employees and other stakeholders are given voice over a company’s operations. This approach has become especially popular subsequent to the revival of contract theory in political philosophy, which is largely due to John Rawls’ A Theory of Justice, and the advent of the consensus-oriented approach to solving business problems, an aspect of the â€Å"quality movement† that emerged in the 1980s. Professors Thomas Donaldson and Thomas Dunfee proposed a version of contract theory for business, which they call Integrative Social Contracts Theory. They posit that conflicting interests are best resolved by formulating a â€Å"fair agreement† between the parties, using a combination of i) Macro-principles that all rational people would agree upon as universal principles, and, ii) Micro-principles formulated by actual agreements among the interested parties. Critics say the proponents of contract theories miss a central point, namely, that a business is someone’s property and not a mini-state or a means of distributing social  justice. Ethical issues can arise when companies must comply with multiple and sometimes conflicting legal or cultural standards, as in the case of multinational companies that operate in countries with varying practices. The question arises, for example, ought a company to obey the laws of its home country, or should it follow the less stringent laws of the developing country in which it does business? To illustrate, United States law forbids companies from paying bribes either domestically or overseas; however, in other parts of the world, bribery is a customary, accepted way of doing business. Similar problems can occur with regard to child labor, employee safety, work hours, wages, discrimination, and environmental protection laws. It is sometimes claimed that a Gresham’s law of ethics applies in which bad ethical practices drive out good ethical practices. It is claimed that in a competitive business environment, those companies that survive are the ones that recognize that their only role is to maximize profits. On this view, the competitive system fosters a downward ethical spiral. ETHICS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY In the corporate world, business ethics have a major role to play in the manufacturing sector too. It is the duty of the manufacturer to produce the products and goods according to the customer’s requirements and satisfaction. He / She has to produce goods which is of good quality, reasonable price and to top it all it should be safe to use by the customer. In case if the products produced by a particular company are not up to the customer’s expectations or requirements then the customer has a right to question the manufacturer and be compensated for the damage caused to him on using the product. Thus, all companies are taking great care and paying attention to produce proper and good quality products adhering to the standards, lest their company’s reputation does not get affected. Despite all these consumer rights assuming great importance in the society, do all  manufacturing industries follow ethical values and principles in their day to day lives? â€Å"A Business that makes nothing but Money is a Poor kind of Business.† ~ Henry Ford Whether it is for the sake of beating competition or simply because it makes good business sense, companies now have started to internalize business ethics and values. Ethics have become a part and parcel of the entire manufacturing process. Sometime back the bottom line of an enterprise used to be monetary profits but this bottom line today comprises a whole gamut of subjects like quality assurance, environmental friendly practices, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and many more. Gone are the days when companies could act philanthropic and charitable by parting with a miniscule portion of their profits. There is no recognition for an organization that fails to recognize ethics and values in its domain area. MOTOROLA Motorola is known around the world for innovation and leadership in wireless and broadband communications. Inspired by its vision of Seamless Mobility, the people of Motorola are committed to helping people get and stay connected simply and seamlessly to information, and entertainment that you want and need. Motorola does this by designing and delivering the â€Å"must have† products, â€Å"must do† experiences and powerful networks — along with a full complement of support services. A Fortune 100 company with global presence and impact, Motorola had sales of US$35.3 billion in 2005. KEY BELIEFS – THE WAY MOTOROLA WILL ALWAYS ACT Motorola’s Key Beliefs have been in existence for decades, and Motorola continues to have a strong culture of corporate ethics and citizenship. Since its original establishment in the 1970s, its Code of Business Conduct has provided Motorola employees guidance for their business activities, placing a priority on establishing trust with its stakeholders. However, it is not enough to declare its good values. Motorola is committed to acting on  them–through the potential of its technology and the way they conduct their business. The EthicsLine offers information, advice and suggestions. Use it to discuss any concern or problem – not just for emergencies. The EthicsLine strives to make sure that all questions or concerns are handled fairly, discreetly and thoroughly. ETHICAL PRACTICES PRACTICED BY MOTOROLA Times will change. Our products will change. Our people will change. Our customers will change. What will not change is our commitment to our key beliefs. The key beliefs define who they are as individuals and as a company – to each other, its customers, its shareholders, its suppliers, its competitors and its communities. Uncompromising integrity means staying true to what they believe. Motorola adheres to honesty, fairness and doing the right thing without compromise, even when circumstances make it difficult. Constant respect for people means how Motorola treats everyone with dignity. Constant respect applies to every individual they interact with around the world. The Code of Business Conduct is a guide to help Motorolans live up to Motorola’s high ethical standards — and their own. It summarizes many of the laws that Motorola and all Motorolans are required to live by. The Code goes beyond the legal minimums, however, by describing the ethical values we shar e as Motorolans. The Code is neither a contract nor a comprehensive manual that covers every situation Motorolans throughout the world might encounter. It highlights key issues and identifies policies and resources to help Motorolans reach decisions that will make Motorola proud. MOTOROLA’s RESPONSIBILITY TO MOTOROLANS We respect the dignity of each Motorolan. Motorolans will treat each other with respect and fairness at all times. They will value the difference of diverse individuals from around the world. Employment decisions will be based on business reasons, such as qualifications, talents and achievements, and will comply with local and national employment laws. Abusive, harassing or offensive conduct is unacceptable, whether verbal, physical or visual. Examples include derogatory comments based on racial or ethnic characteristics and unwelcome sexual advances. The Motorolans are encouraged to speak out if a co-worker’s conduct makes them uncomfortable and to report harassment if it occurs. They are all responsible for maintaining a safe workplace by following safety and health rules and practices. They are responsible for immediately reporting accidents, injuries and unsafe equipment, practices or conditions to a supervisor or other designated person. Motorola is committed to keeping its workplaces free from hazards. To protect the safety of all employees, each of them must report to work free from the influence of any substance that could prevent them from conducting work activities safely and effectively. Threats or acts of violence or physical intimidation are prohibited. MOTOROLA’s RESPONSIBILITY TO CUSTOMERS AND CONSUMERS We earn customer loyalty by delivering on our promises. Maintaining Motorola’s valuable reputation requires complying with its quality processes and safety requirements. Motorola builds long-term relationships with its customers by demonstrating honesty and integrity. Its marketing and advertising will be accurate and truthful. Deliberately misleading messages, omissions of important facts or false claims about its competitors’ offerings are unacceptable. They obtain business legally and ethically. Bribes or kickbacks are unacceptable. Guidance on customer gifts, travel and entertainment is in the Conflicts of Interest section of this Code. Motorola protects its customer information that is sensitive, private or confidential – just as carefully as they protect their own. Only those who have a need to know, have access to confidential information. MOTOROLA’s RESPONSIBILITY TO COMMUNITIES As a global corporate citizen, Motorola creates products and provides services that benefit people around the world. Motorola serves society by  providing life-enhancing products and services at a fair price, and by actively supporting the communities in which they operate. Motorola, the Motorola Foundation and Motorolans throughout the world provide generous financial and voluntary support to thousands of worthwhile community programs. Motorolans are free to support community, charity and political organizations and causes of their choice, as long as they make it clear that their views and actions are not those of Motorola. Employees’ outside activities must not interfere with job performance. No Motorolan may pressure another employee to express a view that is contrary to a personal belief, or to contribute to or support political, religious or charitable causes. Motorola respects the environment by complying with all applicable environmental laws in all countries in which they conduct operations. Motorola is committed to protecting the environment by minimizing the environmental impact of its operations and operating its businesses in ways that foster sustainable use of the world’s natural resources. Motorolans must comply with Motorola’s environmental policies and programs. Notify management if hazardous materials come into contact with the environment or are improperly handled or discarded. Motorola provides fair, accurate, timely and easy to understand information to the public. To ensure professional and consistent handling, requests from the media are forwarded to the local communications group or Corporate Communications. Requests from financial analysts and shareholders are forwarded to Investor Relations. ETHICS IN THE EDUCATION SECTOR Human beings have an innate ethical sense that urges them to make predictable choices. Although most people believe that their actions are guided by logic and reason, reason often acts only as a mechanism to justify these choices. Ethics education is about recognizing the real power of one’s innate ethical sense and how it influences our behavior. In this way we can free reason to become a tool to truly guide our actions. Without the wisdom that results from understanding one’s innate ethical self, reason remains a powerful propaganda prop for unchallenged intrinsic human ethical imperatives. Educational institutions are microcosms of culture and the society that  supports them. As such, they should be bastions of ethical behavior. These institutions should be the training ground for students to determine and practice their personal ethics code which will guide them for the remained of their lives. Each classroom becomes a laboratory of the process of decision making, and of critically examining choices in the workplace, interpersonal relationships, and personal lives. Teachers can play an important role in assisting students to view ethical choices as a vital part of their future lives, both as professionals and in their daily living. â€Å"The first step in the evolution of ethics is a sense of solidarity with other human beings.† ~ Albert Schweitzer, German doctor and Theologian. SCHOOL OF ETHICS Business ethics to students has become a critical issue as the future of any nation lies in creating not just CEO’s and headers but in creating successful individuals who are ethically strong. Ethics can be taught in two major ways: 1. THE PHILOSOPHY The best way to encourage students on this path would be to ask students to think of actions that they consider morally right and wrong. Responses like â€Å"that is what our society says† should be gently resisted, on the grounds that they do not account for why certain kinds of actions are favored over others. Later the exercise is repeated with business situations like deceptive product representation, the subjection of employees to unsafe or dangerous working conditions (particularly without their consent), discrimination, padding expense reports and other self-interested lines, monopolistic practices that exclude competitors from the market, and so forth. 2. CONVERSATIONAL METHOD OF TEACHING BUSINESS ETHICS Using conversational learning in business ethics teaching efforts will allow students to become self-reflective, to learn the value of dialogue and good  moral conversation, to learn about others’ learning experiences and attitudes, and to apply the knowledge gained to organizational life. The process seems to foster a trusting environment, one in which students engage in active participation and take personal risks in the classroom. ROLE OF THE STUDENT Listening to others with the intention of learning with them Reflecting intentionally to gain organizational life. Being open – minded and accepting that there are multiple legitimate and viable perspectives and possibilities in any situation. Understanding that there is no right answer or right approach in an ethical situation. Being proactive in anticipating potential ethical and moral dilemmas and finding different ways to learn from different perspectives about how one might address such dilemmas. more understanding of the complexities of ROLE OF THE TEACHER The conversational methods of teaching business ethics have the following requisites:Knowing one’s strengths and shortcomings, being honest with oneself, continuously striving to increase our ethical (and other) self – awareness, seeking and listening to feedback from responsible peers and colleagues. Building an atmosphere of trust and psychological safety and a norm of collective responsibility in the classroom. Generating empathy in the students and making them learn from each other’s experiences. Reflecting and building on differences in perspectives of different students. Emphasizing relationships and social interactions and proactively managing the dynamics of ethical and moral situations, challenges, opportunities and dilemmas. In the long run meaningful dialogue promotes deeper commitment to the goal, purpose of mission of teaching business ethics. However, it is important to recognize that the introduction to talking and learning about values, beliefs, morals and other ethically related issues often generates in students powerful emotional responses ranging from self doubt and shame to frustration and confusion. ETHICS IN the it sector Ethics in IT industry and BPO is a form of art of applied ethics that examines ethical rules and principles within a commercial context, the various moral or ethical problems that can arise in a setting of any industry and any special duties or obligations that apply to persons who are engaged. Every IT industry has one or more values, whether they are consciously aware of it or not. Another way of saying it is that a value is a statement of the company’s intention and commitment to achieve a high level of performance on a specific Qualitative or Quantitative factor. As a part of more comprehensive compliance and ethic programs in IT companies, many companies have formulated internal policies pertaining to the ethical conduct of employees. These policies can be simple exhortations in broad, highly generalized language, or they can be more detailed policies containing specific requirements. They are generally meant to identify the companies’ expectations of workers and to offer guidance on handling some of the more common ethical problems that might arise. It is hoped that having such a policy will lead to:Ethical Awareness Improvements in ethical policies Consistency in application Avoidance of ethical disasters An increasing number of companies also require employees to attend seminars regarding ethical conduct, which often include discussions of the company’s policies, specific case studies and legal requirements. Some companies even require their employees to sign agreements stating that they will abide to the ethical codes and practices. â€Å"Every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity an obligation; ETHICs – bpo – security Why must BPO Companies hire â€Å"Ethical Hackers† BPO organizations must secure their IT infrastructure and networks. Just as corporations employ auditors to routinely examine financial records, so should BPO Service Providers audit security policy. Without security audits and compliance controls, no real security exists. This is a big problem. There are plenty of individuals waiting to test and probe your organization’s security stance. These individuals range from government to corporate spies, to hackers, crackers, script kiddies, or those who write and release malicious code into the wild. Their presence in your network is not a good thing! Who are Ethical Hackers? An ethical hacker is most similar to a penetration tester. The ethical hacker is an individual who is employed or contracted to undertake an attempted penetration test. These individuals use the same methods employed by hackers. In case you were unsure; hacking is a felony in the United States. Ethical Hackers have written authorization to probe a network. Only then is this attempted hack legal, as there is a contract between the ethical hacker and the organization. In 1995, long before today’s stringent guidelines, one individual received 3 felony counts, 5 years probation, 480 hours of community service, and a $68,000 legal bill for failing to insure proper authorization. How is Ethical Hacking Performed? Primarily, ethical hackers are employed in groups to perform penetration tests. These groups are commonly referred as â€Å"Red Teams†. These individuals are paid by the organization to poke, prod, and determine the overall level of security. Again, what is important here is that they have been given written permission to perform this test and have detailed boundaries to work within. Don’t be lulled into believing that the penalties fro legal penetration are low, it is a felony!! What is the Test about? The Certified Ethical Hacker Exam consists of 21 domains covered in 50 questions. It has a two – hour time limit. These questions have multiple choice answer options. During the test, it is allowed to mark questions for which the answers are not too sure about and then return for later review. The domains were compiled to evaluate the full range of security testing. One must also demonstrate how hacker tools work and demonstrate knowledge of professional security tools, as well as how these tools are utilized. The 21 domains are as follows: 1. Ethics and Legal Issues 2. Footprinting 3. Scanning 4. Enumeration 5. System Hacking 6. Trojans and Backdoors 7. Sniffers 8. Denial of Service 9. Social Engineering 10.Session Hijacking 11.Hacking Web Servers 12.We Application Vulnerabilities 13.Web Based Password Cracking Techniques 14.SQL Injection 15.Hacking Wireless Networks 16.Virus and Worms 17.Hacking Novell 18.Hacking Linux 19.IDS, Firewalls, and Honeypots 20.Buffer Overflows 21.Cryptography ETHICS IN the food sector Whether we eat to live or live to eat, we all would have been out to eat, at some point in our lives. The above statement is seriously understated since most of us eat out at least once a week. Whenever we visit a hotel or buy some packaged food, it indirectly indicates the trustworthiness of the brand. The underlying factor contributing towards a brand image is the ethics followed by the company. The food industry shoulders a huge responsibility; the health of their patrons / consumers. The industry has to adhere to laws, procedures, norms and several quality standards. Right from the raw materials, the various ingredients, procurement to the processing and packaging activities have to be meticulously carried out. Now let us see how the various ethical aspects are dealt with in this industry. AAVIN Goodness of milk The first cooperative diary was set up at Chennai city during the year 1927. The state diary development department was established in 1958. The first modern diary plant with a capacity to handle 50,000 litres per day of pasteurized milk was established in the year 1963 at Madhavaram near Chennai with the aid from New Zealand. A diary to handle 50,000 litres per day was  set up at Madurai with the assistance of the UNICEF in 1967. The system consisted of supervised milking at the village level and the transportation of the raw milk in aluminum cans through hired transport vehicles to milk chilling plants or directly to the diary. Quality control happens to be the core element of the organization. Especially since AAVIN deals with perishable products the quality standards and fulfilling them is crucial for the sustenance of the organization. It has added to AAVIN’S goodwill through the ages and also has led to diversification in the long run. The quality control department makes state of the art machines and techniques for fulfilling their promise to provide high quality and hygienic products. Aavin has taken up measures to improve the quality of raw milk procured at the village level milk co-operative societies and also to enforce clean milk practices at the society level to enhance the quality of milk at the initial level itself. The clean milk production programme, includes not only the production of good quality milk, but also improves animal management, feed and fodder, artificial insemination, training to farmers and society personnel, installation of bulk coolers, maintaining milk yard free from flies, dirt etc. and usage of SS vessels to maintain minimum level of bacterial load, according to Aavin sources. In the diary co-operatives, the milk procurement staff is given training in clean milk production at NDDB training centres. The milk producers are educated for hygienic management of animals, milking methods and handling of milk. They are also provided with SS pails and antiseptic solutions for cleaning the animal udder etc. Massive awareness campaigns are carried out among the society members. At present Aavin has three diaries in Chennai, on at Ambattur with a capacity of 4LLPD (Lakh Litre per Day), at Madhavaram with a capacity of 2 LLPD and the third one at Sholinganallur with a capacity of 4 LLPD for procuring milk from district unions, process and packaging in sachets to cater to the needs of consumers in and around Chennai city. All the three diaries are certified with ISO 9001:2000. Efforts are also being taken to get the HACCP certification for these three diaries. 33 ETHICS IN media & advertising sector Media Ethics is the subdivision of applied ethics dealing with the particular ethical principles and standards of media, including broadcast media, film, theatre, the arts, print media and the internet. This is the general definition of media ethics and as the definition suggests, there are many dimensions to media. In today’s world, media is given a lot of importance and is considered to be the voice of the public. But there are some who take undue advantage of the freedom given to them for the sake of money, fame or in most cases both. Breach of code of conduct in this industry has more effect on people as it can be seen and followed explicitly. People trust media to give them accurate information and are at time deceived by its exaggerated versions. Media is a double edged sword and it has to be handled very carefully. Its impact is long time and is very powerful and influencing. A balance has to be struck between the purpose of media with the code of ethics. â€Å"Nowadays people know the price of everything and the value of nothing.† ~ Oscar Wilde, Irish Dramatist and Poet FACEBOOK – AD PLATFORM Facebook Ads represent a completely new way of advertising online. For the last hundred years media has been pushed out to people, but now marketers are going to be a part of the conversation. And they’re going to do this by using the social graph in the same way our users do.† – Mark Zuckerberg (Zuckerberg), Founder and CEO, Facebook, in 2007. â€Å"The new advertising system will target ads based on personal information shared by users with their friends†¦ It also reeks of unethical practices since when these users joined Facebook they were not told or given the chance to opt out and state that their personal information like interests, relationship status, work history, etc. should not be used.† – Sujatha Ganesan, a Business and Technology Lawyer, in 2007. This case discusses the ethical and privacy concerns pertaining to Facebook’s new ad system. On November 06, 2007, Mark Zuckerberg (Zuckerberg), the founder and CEO of Facebook introduced an ad system called Facebook Ads to connect business houses with Facebook users. As of November 2007, Facebook had 55 million active registered users, and was the second fastest growing social networking site, with an astounding year-on-year growth rate of 133 percent. This new system was expected to facilitate offering of better targeted advertisements to the users. According to Zuckerberg, the new ad platform would provide a very different way of online advertising as it would give the advertiser a chance to ‘be a part of the conversation’ by using the ‘social graph’ in the same way as the Facebook users did. Earlier this summer, a Miss America contestant was blackmailed using pictures from her old Facebook page to try to get her dethroned from her title of Miss New Jersey. Amy Polumbo had deleted her Facebook page before the state pageant, but that didn’t stop an anonymous sender who called themselves the â€Å"Committee to Save Miss America.† Polumbo did not give up her crown, and the photos that were sent were not as bad as they were made out to be. But it teaches us all a lesson, especially business owners, about how open one should be on social networking sites. Potential risk to using social networking sites for business related purposes is privacy. One of the hottest issues is Facebook’s new social ad policy, which allows you to basically become a free advertisement for any company they share information with. For example, when you rent a movie from Blockbuster Video, that information is shared with Facebook. Then all of your friends know what you have rented. This can be embarrassing if your business colleague see your Facebook page. The Facebook privacy policy, for example, not only gives them permission to share your information with a third party, it also states that  they may obtain information about you from other sources, such as newspapers, blogs and the like. So not only are they able to collect information about you from their site, but they can use information they collect from other sources. Benefits of Managing Ethics in the Workplace Many people are used to reading or hearing of the moral benefits of attention to business ethics. However, there are other types of benefits, as well. The following list describes various types of benefits from managing ethics in the workplace. Attention to business ethics has substantially improved society. A matter of decades ago, children in our country worked 16-hour days. Workers’ limbs were torn off and disabled workers were condemned to poverty and often to starvation. Trusts controlled some markets to the extent that prices were fixed and small businesses choked out. Price fixing crippled normal market forces. Employees were terminated based on personalities. Influence was applied through intimidation and harassment. Then society reacted and demanded that businesses place high value on fairness and equal rights. Anti-trust laws were instituted. Government agencies were established. Unions were organized. Laws and regulations were established. Ethics programs help maintain a moral course in turbulent times. Attention to business ethics is critical during times of fundamental change — times much like those faced now by businesses, both nonprofit and for-profit. During times of change, there is often no clear moral compass to guide leaders through complex conflicts about what is right or wrong. Continuing attention to ethics in the workplace sensitizes leaders and staff to how they want to act — consistently. Ethics programs cultivate strong teamwork and productivity. Ethics programs align employee behaviors with those top priority ethical values preferred by leaders of the organization. Usually, an organization finds surprising disparity between its preferred values and the values actually reflected by behaviors in the workplace. Ongoing attention and dialogue regarding values in the workplace builds openness, integrity and community — critical ingredients of strong teams in the workplace. Employees feel strong alignment between their values and those of the organization. They react with strong motivation and performance. Ethics programs support employee growth and meaning. Attention to ethics in the workplace helps employees face reality, both good and bad -in the organization and themselves. Employees feel full confidence they can admit and deal with whatever comes their way. Ethics programs are an insurance policy — they help ensure that policies are legal. There are an increasing number of lawsuits in regard to personnel matters and to effects of an organization’s services or products on stakeholders. Ethical principles are often state-of-the-art legal matters. These principles are often applied to current, major ethical issues to become legislation. Attention to ethics ensures highly ethical policies and procedures in the workplace. It’s far better to incur the cost of mechanisms to ensure ethical practices now than to incur costs of litigation later. A major intent of well-designed personnel policies is to ensure ethical treatment of employees, e.g., in matters of hiring, evaluating, disciplining, firing, etc. Ethics programs help avoid criminal acts â€Å"of omission† and can lower fines. Ethics programs tend to detect ethical issues and violations early on so they can be reported or addressed. In some cases, when an organization is aware of an actual or potential violation and does not report it to the appropriate authorities, this can be considered a criminal act, e.g., in business dealings with certain government agencies, such as the Defense Department. Ethics programs help manage values associated with quality management, strategic planning and diversity management — this benefit needs far more attention. Ethics programs identify preferred values and ensuring organizational behaviors are aligned with those values. This effort includes recording the values, developing policies and procedures to align behaviors with preferred values, and then training all personnel about the policies and procedures. This overall effort is very useful for several other programs in the workplace that require behaviors to be aligned with values, including quality management, strategic planning and diversity management. Total Quality Management includes high priority on certain operating values, e.g., trust among stakeholders, performance, reliability, measurement, and feedback. Eastman and Polaroid use ethics tools in their quality programs to ensure integrity in their relationships with stakeholders. Ethics management techniques are highly useful for managing strategic values, e.g., expand marketshare, reduce costs, etc. Ethics programs promote a strong public image. Attention to ethics is also strong public relations — admittedly, managing ethics should not be done primarily for reasons of public relations. The fact that an organization regularly gives attention to its ethics can portray a strong positive to the public. People see those organizations as valuing people more than profit, as striving to operate with the utmost of integrity and honor. Aligning behavior with values is critical to effective marketing and public relations programs. Overall benefits of ethics programs: Managing ethical values in the workplace legitimizes managerial actions, strengthens the coherence and balance of the organization’s culture, improves trust in relationships between individuals and groups, supports greater consistency in standards and qualities of products, and cultivates greater sensitivity to the impact of the enterprise’s values and messages. Last – and most — formal attention to ethics in the workplace is the right thing to do. CONCLUSION Whenever and wherever there are meaningful discussions to create better socio-economic conditions in the society or to make the world a better place to live in, the discussions invariably touch Business and Industry or Trade and Commerce also besides other areas of human activities. Those who run their business or industry on principles of honesty, integrity and justice are the ones who raise the prestige of their nation and are inspiring examples unto others. However, there are people who indulge into unfair, unjust, dishonest or socially harmful activities and do not believe in  fairplay and excellence. Business has created the wealth that has given unprecedented numbers of individual’s financial control of their lives. It has expanded immeasurably the range of goods and services available to individuals. It has broken down countless centuries-old barriers of racial, sexual, religious, and ethnic prejudice. And it has been the vehicle for countless numbers of individuals to develop their fullest potentials in achieving their dreams. In short, business has been a prime mover in making it possible for millions to pursue their lives in a wealthy, healthy, rational and exciting world. Because business decisions often require specialized knowledge, ethical issues are often more complicated than those faced in personal life — and effective decision making requires consistency. Because each business situation is different, and not all decisions are simple, many organizations have embraced ethical codes of conduct and rules of professional ethics to guide managers and employees. However, sometimes self-regulation proves insufficient to protect the interest of customers, organizations, or society. At that point, pressures for regulation and enactment of legislation to protect the interests of all parties in the exchange process will likely occur. Maintaining a strong ethical culture is essential for complying with the laws and regulations, but this alone cannot be the motivation for ethical culture building. Beyond the large impact an organization’s culture has on the bottom line, the development of programs to foster ethical conduct must maintain a focus on fairness, encouragement, and communication at all employee levels. Along these lines, employees must be given the appropriate tools and models to align their behavior with company culture and engag e in ethical decision-making. The attitudes, choices, and actions of business leaders play a primary role in the creation of an organization’s ethical culture and climate; expectations for employees’ ethical behavior can only be set as high as the organization’s leadership is willing to meet. A leader’s ability to consistently promote ethical conduct in an organization is critical to ensuring that employees understand how to make â€Å"doing what is right† a priority. Thus it can be  concluded that, Ethics are important not only in business but in all aspects of life because it is an essential part of the foundation on which of a civilized society is build. A business or society that lacks ethical principles is bound to fail sooner or later. â€Å"Live in such a way that you would not be Ashamed to sell your parrot to the town gossip.† ~ Will Rogers

Positive Response Action

Positive Response Action: The ultimate goal of website communication Summary Understanding and knowing the audience is the key to delivering the message to them. The key to harnessing the Internet’s power is to understand all of the people with whom one will communicate with. Every website should have one overriding, generic entity goal to achieve positive response action. Both content and usability can be viewed as as cognitive ? triggers? , gateways to self-gratification and consequent PRA.Every website may be classified into one of three sender motivation categories: individual, strategic stakeholder communication, non-strategic communication. Content of the article Knowing the audience is important in every field and the key to the success, for example in marketing and public relations if you want to sell your product you need to know your customers’ needs and wants, and PR specialists need to know the audience too if they want their message to be delivered in a cam paign or programme. And the key to a successful website is knowing the audence in the same way.If you know the audience you can deliver and present your message and information more efficiently and are more likely to achieve your goals. Positive response action should be the goal of a website otherwise there is no point of the site. Positive response action was defined by six website visitor positive outputs for example the time spent on the website which should tell if the visitor is satisfied but it could be also questioned, because maybe s/he is not satisfied and is spending longer time on the site because s/he can’ find the information s/he wanted.Examples from practice The objective of an individual’s website might simply be so s/he can say they have one: Many individuals and also companies have websites which are often half-finished and don’t contain a message and are just existing in the Internet. A website without a meaning could leave a wrong first impr ession of the company for example and leave the visitor unsatisfied. Graphics take often a massive amounts of memory: I have noticed that due to low-speed Internet many people find it irritating to use the social networking siteMyspace, it takes a lot of time to load the graphics as I have experienced myself and also read from other users’ comments, and many have stopped using the site because of that. „Make sure your website is fast to access and is not slowed down by large images or fancy gadgets†(Chung) : „Myspace is set up so that anyone can customize the layout and colors of their profile page with virtually no restrictions. As Myspace users are usually not skilled web developers, this can cause further problems.Poorly constructed Myspace profiles could potentially freeze up web browsers due to malformed CSS coding, or as a result of users placing many high bandwidth objects such as videos, graphics, and Flash in their profiles (sometimes multiple video s and sound files are automatically played at the same time when a profile loads). †[i] Currently (March 2011) Myspace has an estimated 34 million users compared to Facebook’s 600 million for example, the reason for lower popularity might be the inability to satisfy the users and offer them satisfying experience.Myspace was also named the worst website by PC World in the list of 25 worst websites ever. Dimensions of Customer Value of Website Communication in Business-To-Business Relationships Summary During the last decade, websites have become widely accepted means of communication in business-to-business relationships and their use and importance is increasing constantly. At the same time, internet technologies advance rapidly, increasing customer expectations of website characteristics and possibilities, pressuring companies to actively further invest in their websites.Also to justify the website investments, companies have to design websites that fit to their custom ers’ need. For that they need to understand the value of websites for customers to enable companies to meet customer needs and expectations, direct resources efficiently, predict customer behaviour and achieve sustainable competitive advantage. The study portrays seven dimensions of CV of website communication in business-to-business relationships: convenience, efficiency, competence, confidence, comfort, appreciation and enjoyment. Content of the articleI agree that the qualitative methods are the most suitable for uncovering customer value dimensions as they are more in-depth and provide a more rich description conversely to the quantitative methods which involve more statistical data. It is important to fulfill the customer desired end-states that the study brought out if you want to satisfy your consumers, such as convenience and efficiency because people like to get things easily without spending very much time, nowadays in the Internet age especially people are used to getting things fast and the one who offers information or products most conveniently gets the clients and profit.Also appreciation is an interesting point that was brought out because people like little details and like to get gifts, it could play an influential role in keeping the customers or winning them to your side. Although dimensions brought up in the article was limited to the customers in the study and don’t represent all the industries and customers, these dimensions generalize the dimensions which could apply to other contexts too.However I think more research should be done in this area as the importance of website communication is increasing and companies need to know what their customers want as websites are also often the first impression of the company. Examples from practice Websites have become widely accepted means of communication in business-to-business relationships: Time is money and the Internet offers the possibility to reach to the businesses more qu ickly and also find them more quickly as businesses also do their research online. ———————– [i] Retrieved from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Myspace#Accessibility_and_reliability

Discuss the significance of the ghost in Act 1 Essay

â€Å"It harrows me with fear and wonder. † Horatio’s expressive words on first encountering the ghost in Hamlet are reflective of the concerns that were preeminent in the minds of the Elizabethans of Shakespeare’s time with regards the supernatural. The influence of the people’s rampant belief in ghosts, witches and superstitious ideas is evident on the pages of such Shakespearean works as Hamlet, Macbeth, Julius Caesar and Richard III. This idea of ghosts triggered a sense of fear, and instigated thought on matters such as death and the afterlife. The appearance of King Hamlet’s ghost is thus not only typical of the era in which the play was supposedly written, as well as typical of other Shakespearean works, but brings to mind issues which are still widely debated today. Act 1 begins with a change of guards at the Elsinore castle, an active scene which has been interpreted by some to set off the tension in the play. The guards on duty, Marcellus and Barnardo, attempt to convince Horatio of an ‘apparition’, a ‘dreaded sight’ which they had twice previously seen. Horatio, however, is filled with disbelief, proclaiming, â€Å"Tush, tush, ’twill not appear. † The repetition of the word ‘tush’ in this alliterative statement draws our attention to his doubts of the ghost’s appearance, and thus makes it even more dramatic when the ghost suddenly appears. The setting of the first scene on the castle battlements past midnight, and the manner in which the ghost’s previous appearances are described by the guards, employing such adjectives as ‘dreaded’ and references to heaven and the â€Å"star†¦ where now it burns† all come together to create a fearful scene. These all pave the way for the appearance of the ghost, and further dramatic description of it and its actions. The way the ghost moves and acts, seen in the use of sibilance in â€Å"See, it stalks away†, and in the stage directions, â€Å"It spreads his arms† can be described as frightening and haunting. Horatio says of the ghost, â€Å"†¦ it started like a guilty thing/ Upon a fearful summons† This simile implies that the ghost is still facing judgement, and this introduces the idea of purgatory. It is believed by Catholics that when a person dies, they either go to heaven, hell or are in judgement in purgatory. The ghost further hints this idea to Hamlet when he says, â€Å"Till the foul crimes done in my days of nature/ Are burnt and purged away. † This further connotes the idea that Hamlet’s father is Catholic whereas Hamlet, a student at Wittenberg, the same university attended by Martin Luther the religious Reformist and founder of Protestantism, is Protestant. This idea of religious differences can be linked to the era in which Shakespeare was writing, in that the Church of England had broken away from the Catholic Church under King Henry in the 16th century and there was thus consciousness of differing denominations among Catholics and Anglicans in England. It is also very dramatic that the ghost does not speak to the guards, and indeed it speaks to no other person but Hamlet. Although Horatio, the scholar, bids it to speak to him with the continuous repetition of ‘Speak to me’, the ghost does not speak till it has met Hamlet and led him away from the others. The delay between when the guards see the ghost in the first scene and when the ghost actually speaks to Hamlet in Scene Four creates suspense and heightens the tension in the play. The appearance and words of the ghost confirms the speculation by the guards and Horatio that â€Å"Something is rotten in the state of Denmark. † This is reminiscent of where Horatio earlier points out, making use of alliteration, that â€Å"this bodes some strange eruption to our state. † There is a lot of war imagery used in this Act, including â€Å"†¦ assail your ears/ That are so fortified†¦ † and â€Å"martial stalk†. The Danes are worried that war will be waged on them by Fortinbras of Norway, and thus the reason for people working to make weapons day and night, and guards watching the palace all night long. The ghost only seems to buffer these thoughts, appearing in â€Å"warlike form† and wearing the same armour which King Hamlet had on when he â€Å"combated† Norway. However, the ghost’s calling of Hamlet aside is significant as it proves that he has appeared for a more private reason than those concerning the wars of Denmark.

Imagine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Imagine - Essay Example This empowers the patient as he or she can now have a greater latitude in taking care of himself or herself because preventing disease is more affordable than treatment. The latter often disenfranchises the have nots and makes health care unjust as social epidemiology suggests that the distribution of disease, impairment and general health care issues are more concentrated in the lower strata of society where people in lower classes have higher rates of mortality and disability. While we agree that this should not be the case, concrete action has to be made to make heath care equitable and universal. And central to this effort of making health care more equitable and universal are nurses whose roles became more demanding now as the new landscape demands more health at lesser cost. This does not mean that nurses should adopt a defeatist attitude and sulk in petty grievance that the nursing profession is already overworked with health care institutions swelling with patients while nurs e ratio are not commensurate. Nurse in fact has to adopt a proactive mindset, to assume greater responsibility in finding ways to provide health care with less. In the long run, these new developments could be good for the patients as it is targeted at preventive care than treatment. But for the time being, nurses have to assume the responsibility of health care backlog as health care becomes more universal. Given these new demands on the profession of nursing of doing more with less, the nurse should be given greater autonomy in the dispensation of his or her duty to optimize his or her capacity to provide care and not be bogged down by unwanted bureaucracy. Nurses should be trusted for their role to be expanded in patient care and to be given more independence in the day to day patient care because just like doctors, they too care for the patients and is bound by an ethical oath of which they have to follow. Just like doctors, nurses also adhere to strict professional code that in cludes beneficence which directs nurses not to inflict any harm to the patient and to be just in providing care based on the patient’s need and not on other consideration. The reiteration of this ethical guidelines of which every nurse is bound to adhere should rest the doubt of anyone who suspects that nurses cannot provide adequate patient care when given more autonomy. In practice, the opposite could be true that could nurses could be more effective both from clinical and personnel management perspective. . This is now necessary because nurses cannot just rely on how things were usually done considering that the present health care is less than the ideal which is now becoming typical in most health care institutions in America because of the lack of budget, qualified personnel, equipment and supplies. This is important to stress because most nursing students today will become nurses in the future and we have to realize now that we should not accept this less than ideal sit uation in nursing. Nurses should not give in to the problems of deteriorating nursing institutions which is now becoming prevalent and acceptable today. We have to be proactive as early as now while we are still learning the ropes of nursing because it will shape our attitude when we become

Social Responsibility and Executive Management Coursework

Social Responsibility and Executive Management - Coursework Example Business enterprises regarded human resource (labor) as a commodity to be purchased and sold at will. Business organizations employed child labor and exploited labor through low wages. The working conditions were unsafe and injured employees were terminated without benefits. According to Barry (2000), there were high levels of cultural discrimination and harassment in the workplace. There were no guidelines on advertisement and selling activities. In addition, there were no regulations on the quality of the products sold and people’s lives were in danger. The business enterprises exploited, manipulated and mislead their customers. The managers of the business enterprises were accountable to the owners. The governments were not concerned with the regulation of business enterprises during the first phase of social responsibilities. Consequently, members of the public were exploited. The second phase of social responsibility was the trusteeship management. Profit maximization was not the only driving force of the business enterprises. The human resource at this second phase was recognized as a valuable input to the business organization. Business enterprises acknowledged the rights of the employees, suppliers, customers, creditors, stakeholders and the community in which it operated. The second phase showed governments’ commitment to protecting its citizens for bad business people. Legal frameworks and institutions were established to regulate business enterprises and protect the public from exploitative business organizations. However, business enterprises were faced with increasing expenses. The employees received better pay, business enterprises spend more on a provision of quality products and services. The profits of the business were lower in the short run but improved significantly in the long-term. The third phase of the social responsibility was q uality life management.

Home depot Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Home depot - Assignment Example Information technology affects the life of everyone in the society. The growth of technology support networks and these networks support the needs of people. There are many types of information technology used. Electronic business helps people conduct and communicate business transactions. It creates new opportunities, productivity, reduces cost and fast. For efficiency purposes, electronic business has its enablers. The interchange of electronic data enables a company’s computer to transfer information to another’s computer. This reduces paperwork, improves customer services, fast access of information and good tracing of order. Electronic commerce uses the internet, such as the website for communication and information, and transactions of delivering services and products. Internet is the most significant in the supply of information. It has a web which offers opportunities for members to share information. Intranets are networks based on web, which allows workers to intercommunicate. Extranets enable an organization to interact with external organizations. It uses systems of public telecommunication and internet protocols to work with external dealers, customers among others. Management of customer relationship collects and interprets data based on the customer in order to improve its services according to the needs of the customers. Resource planning of enterprise facilitates communication over the internet. The growth of information technology, the internet and computers, has come with new methods of processing activities in a business. Were it not for technology, people would take a lot of time and specialization in the routine tasks. Advance in technology creates a lot of business

Convergence the use of bothTechnology and Physical Security Research Paper

Convergence the use of bothTechnology and Physical Security - Research Paper Example Unlike in the past, corporate assets are now information-based. This has prompted corporations to integrate both physical and information security measures to prevent unauthorized access to the corporate assets. In addition, the rapid advancements in the technology sector has brought into question the effectiveness of security functions in preventing criminal attacks in organizations. Explored in the research are the implications of adopting security convergence within an organization, analysis of trends affecting security and loss prevention, and evaluation of non-traditional approaches to crime prevention from a multi-disciplinary approach. As mentioned, physical security deters unauthorized individuals from accessing facilities. There are several types of deterrence methods, which function by convincing attackers that imminent attacks on a facility are futile due to the presence of strong defenses. They include physical barriers, security lighting, natural surveillance, intrusion detectors/ electronic surveillance, access control among others. Physical barriers represent the outermost layers of security measures, which include fences, warning signs, and vehicle barriers. Their sole purpose is to delay attacks by acting as psychological deterrents. Security lighting installed at entrance points such as gates and doors deter unauthorized entrants, as guards can clearly see the well-lit areas. Natural surveillance entails altering the design or architecture of a facility’s perimeter to prevent unauthorized entry; for example, the vegetative cover between the fence and the facility’s walls is less dense givi ng guards a clear line of sight. Intrusion detectors/ electronic surveillance comprise of alarm systems, which function by alerting security personnel when unauthorized entrants attempt to trespass a secured area. Without prompt response from security personnel, alarm systems prove futile in preventing unauthorized

Kant Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Kant Philosophy - Essay Example Obligations and inclinations arise from duty. Consoling a grieving friend arises from duty, which is part of moral judgments. It is the right thing to do in such a situation. Normative judgment specifies that consoling a person, as a specific course of action, is the rational course if they are grieving. Emotions motivate moral obligation because one empathizes through showing compassion. The moral law demands that one consoles a friend, but if goodwill does not motivate such an action, then the inclination may have selfish interests. Principle and reason shape human behavior, rather than the expected consequence or emotional feeling that triggers actions. For that reason, a person would see it right to console somebody because of principle, even if they feel no compassion or empathy for the victim. This means that conscious concerns regulate emotions and they serve an important role in the persons' moral life. Human dignity demands that one act in the similar way that they would like others to treat them. Even so, while the society cannot hold a person accountable for moral obligations or inclinations, they are accountable for their goodwill, because it is often under a person’s  control.

Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho - Movie Review Example Alfred Hitchcock is considered a good film director of thriller movies like "Psycho," aired in 1960, which is considered one of the most famous films ever made.3 Hitchcock has been engaged in filming and directing suspense-thriller films, even before the filming of Psycho. He was so remarkable and an almost authority in these films that his approach is called "Hitchcockian" by contemporary film students. 4 In Psycho, just like in his other films, Hitchcock explored themes trailing from the confines of the conventions of the melodrama, the popular entertainment during his time. Through an elaborate approach to images and cinematic devices, he explored his so-called 'obsessions' on exploring loneliness, sexual ambiguity, voyeurism, oppressive load of the past, and triumph of evil over goodness.5 He had been making films for thirty years when he came across filming Psycho, making him no longer new and whimpering about the techniques he was going to use in the different scenes of the mov ie. A box-office hit, the movie depicts of a mysterious murder of a woman - who was guilty of stealing a huge amount of money in order to live a new life -by an old woman called Mother whose identity is revealed only in the last part of the movie. It made the viewers wonder who the murderer was all along , and allows them to be surprised beyond expectations after finding her real identity. This paper describes the different techniques employed by Hitchcock in creating and maintaining suspense in Psycho as a film director. It also aims to answer the question, "Does Hitchcock deserve the title of Master of Suspense" Only after thoroughly dissecting and examining Psycho and the approaches and techniques Hitchcock used on it, will this question be finally answered. The Film Techniques Hitchcock Used in Psycho Film techniques are important parts of a movie, and its usage is indicative of how the movie will be presented vis--vis its scenes, movements of characters, and meaning. Film directors usually have a certain style and prosodic approach, which identify them from the rest, and Hitchcock is no exemption to this. Techniques allow for diversification of plots into one that heightens or captures a thing from the ordinary. The use of objects coupled with emotions, colors, and distance all contribute to the tone of a particular scene. Their usage makes the film employ the kind of emotion or air that a director wants to convey to his audience. In Hitchcock's Psycho, it is as important to use these varying techniques, and Hitchcock himself is able to successfully convey the meaning and suggestiveness in sequences through their usage. In this paper, these techniques are content technique, theory of proximity, random camera movements, silent scenes, suggestive gestures, color, usage of material configuration, and mystery. Content Technique One technique used by Hitchcock is ensuring that each scene is going to affect the viewer to the point that the content engages them. The characters are used to tease the viewers in many different ways. Hitchcock is fond of employing indirect movements and dialogues to signify the intention of a film, such as guilt, ill motive, and murder. He sees this as a necessary tool to capture the breath of the audience and make them think and analyse a certain situation. Hitchcock brings the audience

The Impact of Using New Technology in Arts Exhibitions Essay

The Impact of Using New Technology in Arts Exhibitions - Essay Example Through the dissertation, the basic purpose of researchers is trying to whether the visitors are interested in the new technology exhibition such as the usage of visual art in this industry, and also gather the art exhibition organiser’s opinion to find out the impact of using new technology in the art exhibition industry and whether the new exhibition will replace of the traditional exhibition. Understanding the topic The topic is quite interesting and arguable base on the popularity and wide spread of the new technology usage as an exhibit art in conference and exhibition industry. Furthermore, this topic area is covering the researcher’s interest area since it have a quite wild rang to do the research about what kind of new technology were used and what will be used in the future. Evenly, the significance is trying to find out whether the new exhibition will replace of the traditional exhibition and the way to attract more audience to come to the exhibition. Basically, the researcher will interpret and analysis this topic in these three relative areas. Which are the traditional exhibition industry and the trend research, the new exhibition that existing in the industry, through the research about the attitude of audience about the art exhibition using new technology, marketing strategies for the exhibition industry and finally to find out whether the traditional exhibition will be replaced by the new exhibition or not.... ?†¦.42 4.2 Interview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦44 5.0 Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..47 5.1 The management of the Mingsheng Art Museum†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.47 5.2 The impact of using technology in the exhibition industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..50 Reference list†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦58 Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...59 1. Interview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...59 2. Questionnaire†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦85 1.0) Introduction Nowadays there are a lot of new technologies used in the exhibition industry, in terms of varieties of media approaches, which are quite distinct from the previous exhibitions. The implementation of innovative new technology is a new trend in the industry currently. Through the dissertation, the basic purpose of researchers is trying to whether the visitors are interested in the new technology exhibition such as the usage of visual art in this industry, and also gather the art exhibition organiser’s opinion to find out the i mpact of using new technology in the art exhibition industry and whether the new exhibition will replace of the traditional exhibition. 1.1) Understanding the topic The topic is quite interesting and arguable base on the popularity and wide spread of the new technology usage as an exhibit art in conference and exhibition industry. Furthermore, this topic area is covering the researcher’s interest area since it have a quite wild rang to do the research about what kind of new technology were used

Race by the Numbers Essay Example for Free

Race by the Numbers Essay In his article, â€Å"Race by the Numbers†, Orlando Patterson argued about the misinterpretation of the census results and that this misinformation is having negative effects on the perspective of the people. The misinterpreted part of the census, according to Patterson, was the idea that the population of the Whites is becoming the minority in many areas of the country. Thus, Patterson offered arguments and ideas to disprove the validity of the interpretation. However, the question is whether or not Patterson was able to persuade the readers, the citizens, that the interpretation of the census report was indeed incorrect. Patterson’s article is full of information especially statistical and quantitative information that helped him in establishing ground for his arguments. Patterson statement that â€Å"48 percent of Hispanics classified themselves as solely white† (p. 83) adds to his persuasive argument that is also supported by the next sentence in the article, â€Å"Hispanics can be of any race† (p. 83). These statements clearly supported the fact that the total percentage of Whites in was decreased as interpreted by the census report. Patterson also included studies that affirm his claim including recent census result. Patterson stated that, â€Å"whites will constitute 74. 8 percent of the total population in 2050, and that non-Hispanics will still be 52. 8 percent of the total† (p. 83) as indicated by the recent census. With such facts indicated in the article, it can be said that Patterson was able to build a strong evidence and supporting detains and information regarding his assertions. Thus, his argument, regarding the population of white Americans in the country, is a â€Å"gross distortion† (Patterson p. 83) is not a mere point of view but is supported by facts and relevant information. By establishing the facts and the arguments, it can be said that Patterson’s main purpose of writing the article was to show that the population of whites in America is still and will continue to be the majority; disproving the assumption that â€Å"non-Hispanic whites will cease to be the majority† (Patterson, p. 82). By doing so, Patterson aims to encourage the whites that they still are the majority and will continue to be. In this case, Patterson was able to do great job through his article. However, Patterson also indicated in his article the idea that â€Å"each group in the new minority-majority country has longstanding grievances against whites†, thus, Patterson may also want to claim the invalidity of this assertion through his article. But in this case, was Patterson effective? Basing from the article, Patterson was really able to encourage the whites and take away the doubt that they will cease to be the majority. However, Patterson was not able to take away the idea that minority groups in America have grievances on whites. On the contrary, it even points out another idea, that whites does not see minority groups as to be equal to them. Thus, instead of disproving the issue of minorities having grievances on whites, the article may even fuel the said issue. The article can trigger grievances against whites since the article establishes the idea that whites are and will continue to be the superior race in the country. Therefore, this may cause insecurity and rebellion against the white race since others may wish to see the downfall of a superior race. Patterson also included historical developments in regarding some issues such as the classification of races. Patterson stated that, â€Å"In 1930 Mexicans were classified as a separate race by the Census Bureau – which reclassified them as white in 1940, after protests† (p. 84). Patterson also mentioned 2 other related issues in history. In this case, Patterson was able to convince the readers regarding the misclassification done that lead to the misinterpretation of the census result. Thus, Patterson once again established a ground for his ideas and arguments by nullifying the classification made by the census bureau on the issue of which races are to be included as whites. As mentioned earlier, the author was able to establish the supporting facts about his claims. However, there are some instances that the author failed to mention relative and important information. Patterson adapted a study stating that, â€Å"Recent studies indicate that the second-generation Hispanic whites are intermarrying † (p. 83). However, Patterson did not mention what particular study reaches that conclusion. Therefore, readers in doubt of that particular argument have no means of verifying the claim. Patterson should have indicated all the necessary information about the research to enable the readers to locate the particular study, otherwise doubts will remain doubts in the minds of the readers. Although the article has its strengths, i. e. the use of statistical information, the weakness of the article is readily available to the readers. The main weakness of the article was that the author, Mr. Patterson, was obviously one sided in writing the article. The bias can be seen from the very beginning of the article. Thus, this limits the trust of the readers and the integrity of the writer. Showing personal biases is will really lead to doubts and disbeliefs of the author’s claim since the readers are aware that he or she is arguing for or against one side. Thus, in persuading the readers about a certain action or issue, one must show personal biases for this will weaken the arguments and the ideas presented by the author. In order to establish a ground proof about an argument, a writer must not show biases as much as possible. It would be better to show the different arguments of both side and show relative information, facts and evidences and let the readers decide which arguments weigh more basing from the given evidences. All in all, Patterson did a great job in laying the arguments and he was able to fulfil his main objective, to encourage the whites. However, as mentioned earlier, the article has its own weaknesses as well. Thus, the article would only be effective if the reader is taking the same side as Patterson’s, otherwise, the article would seem very racist of which whites are considered incomparable to others. The validity of the claims is thus, very subjective on the personality and side that the readers will take.

Animals Shouldnt Be Kept in Zoos Essay Example for Free

Animals Shouldnt Be Kept in Zoos Essay The social network, Facebook is unnecessary worldwide for people under the age of 18 because there many people who are being exposed to atrocities through Facebook. If you are under the age of 18 you also have high risk of becoming prevalent to cyber bulling and many people under this age are not taking action when they are being bullied or when they view it; and a large percentage of people that use Facebook are under the legal age. Facebook is the worst social networking site for internet trolling, and bullying is now more prevalent online than anywhere else. Research has stated (daily mail. com, Damien Gayle, 2013) that 87 per cent of teenagers who reported cyber abuse said they were targeted on Facebook. Facebook is the worst social networking site for internet trolling, and bullying is now more online than anywhere else. Bullying on-line continues to be a serious problem for a huge number of teenagers and we cannot ignore its often devastating and tragic effects. When teenagers are bullied many of them try to hide it and decide not to tell anyone. Research states that this is mainly because they scared, nervous, don’t want to be teased or don’t want to act as if it is a problem. Emma-Jane Cross, CEO and founder of the charity BeatBullying, said many young people were suffering because of cyber bulling in silence. However, hundreds of young people are being cyber-bullied or trolled so badly that it can lead to depression, truancy, self-harm, or even force them to contemplate or attempt suicide. This is a real problem Around 7. 5 million (out of the 20 million on Facebook) are under the legal age of 13. Even more troubling, more than five million Facebook users were 10 years old or younger, and they were allowed to use Facebook largely without parental supervision leaving them vulnerable to threats ranging from malware to sexual predators. It is absolutely inconceivable that a pre-teen would have the ability or patience to go through the existing maze of settings to be able to make their Facebook account private enough to ensure protection from unwanted approaches, spam and exploitation of their personal pictures and content. In saying this, so many people are using Facebook and are posting private picture, addresses and birth date. A study shows Schools, teachers and cyber safety experts, are trying very hard to educate teens about their longer term digital identity and online behaviour. But again, as my previous post suggests, it appears that many parents are simply not taking responsibility for their childrens online behaviour. Some seem unaware of the potential online dangers that their children can face daily. This can be partly due to schools not publicizing the constant stream of incidents. Or maybe its because their own children are keeping quiet even when harassed for fear of being banned and ostracised by their peers.

Great Gatsby: Fitzgeralds Criticism of the American Dream

Great Gatsby: Fitzgeralds Criticism of the American Dream Charlette Montague Rather than an eager celebrant, Fitzgerald is a harsh critic of the American dream in his novel, The Great Gatsby . It is the American dream, and the idea of it that pushes the characters, more so, Jay Gatsby, the titled character and protagonist. Jay Gatsby is symbolic of the American dream and its corruption. Jay Gatsby is seen as innocent, optimistic and hopeful. He was born poor, and as such despised it. He yearned for the American dream and what it represented. It can be said then, that he loved Daisy, not for who she was, but what she represented in his eyes. He fell in love with Daisys life. He was fascinated with her world, her lifestyle, her grace and her charm, It excited him, too, that many men had already loved Daisyit increased her value in his eyes. (Chapter 8) The green light on Daisys dock can be used as an example for his longing, as he spends hours gazing at it a single green light, minute and faraway, that might have been the end of a dock. (Chapter 1, Page 22). The green light is symbolic of Gatsbys longing for the American dream, the color could also represent dollar bills, capital, which is another appealing aspect of the American dream. Her voice is full of money, he said suddenly. That was it. Id never understood before. It was full of money that was the inexhaustible charm that rose and fell in it, the jingle of it, the cymbals song of it high in a white palace the kings daughter, the golden girl. (Page 120, Chapter7) It is in Daisys character that we see what went wrong with the American dream, its corruption, so to speak. In Gatsbys mind, Daisy is seen as perfection, but though she is graceful and charming, she is also, selfish, hurtful and shallow, this is seen in the novel by her lying, cheating, and leaving Gatsby to take the blame for her murdering Toms mistress. In a sense, Gatsbys quest for the American dream is ill-fated, as his devotion for Daisy is misguided as she cannot fulfill the role and expectations placed upon her by him. Another symbol used in the novel to represent the disintegration of the American dream is the Valley of Ashes. This is symbolic as it represents the lost hopes and the moral and social decay of the period. This results from the pursuit of wealth, the American dream. Whereas at one time the American dream was simultaneous with various ideals of freedom, the novel shows how it became equated with material objects. Jay Gatsby represents this change very well as he flaunts the things he has in an attempt to win Daisy over. The author shows us the hollowness of the upper-class through the representation of old money versus new money Motifs are another device used by the author to develop the theme throughout the novel. This brings us to the use of geography as a motif. The author uses places to symbolize various aspects of the era. East Egg represents old money, West Egg new money while The Valley of Ashes represents the fall of the morality of the American dream and society. The new rich is portrayed by the author as lacking is social graces, pretentious and base, Gatsby is a perfect example as he lives in a monstrosity of a mansion, drives a rolls Royce and wears a pink suit. in contrast the old aristocracy is seen as graceful, tasteful , possess subtlety. Gatsby is the epitome of the fall of the moral values of society as we the readers see where he is involved in criminality, which accounts for his vast fortune. But even has graceful as the old aristocrats are; represented by the Buchanans, they lack in compassion as they prove themselves to be a careless bunch of inconsiderate individuals. This is seen to b e true where after Gatsbys death they (Tom and Daisy) simple move to an unknown destination with no forwarding address. Nick describes them as careless people. They were careless people, Tom and Daisythey smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money of their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together and let other people clean up the mess they had made. (Chapter. 9) Though Gatsby is seen as a criminal and as such represents the ideal of a self-made man, from rags to riches. He is the force that corrodes the American dream, it is through him that we see the harsh reality of the dream, its rise and its end. It is with his death that we see the death of the American Dream. All his hopes shattered with a bullet. The death of both him and George, the rich man and the poor man, show again the fall of the American dream. With nothing left for him there, Nick moves back to his home, away from the emptiness and the moral decay. To conclude, The Great Gatsby is a representation of the harsh reality of the American dream. It shows its corruption and its fall. Each of the characters in the novel are seen trying to attain happiness through one way or the other. They become lost, and lose their touch with morality and reality. Criminality, infidelity, murder and lies pervade the story. The theme of the corruption of the American dream was seen throughout the novel and was exemplified by the authors use of characterization, motifs and symbols. The American dream is of freedom and of social upward mobility through hard work and success. Gatsbys life in criminality gave him money but not freedom and not happiness. His goal of attaining the American dream was never realized. The Great Gatsby Response Paper