Genetic and Environmental Influences in Alcoholic Tendencies Essay

Alcoholic Tendencies in people may be triggered by environmental influences, genetic influences, or both. Some people may be at a great risk of developing alcoholism because of this. Genetics alone can cause certain behaviors in people. If a child grows up in an environment where neither of the parents are alcoholics but the child carries the gene to become one, the child may have a higher chance of becoming an alcoholic as an adult due to genetic factors. However, because the child is not exposed to alcohol use regularly they may never exhibit alcoholic tendencies. A person may have an even greater risk if they have genetic factors, and they are brought up in an environment where there is a lot of alcohol use. Environmental factors can also cause behaviors in people. A person that grows up in an environment where they are exposed to alcoholism regularly might have the tendency to become an alcoholic even if their genetics don’t show alcoholic tendencies. The environment in which they consider normal consists of alcohol use. Therefore, it is likely they will continue with the behaviors that they are used to. However, because the child does not have genetic factors influencing alcoholic tendencies, they may never have a problem with alcohol despite growing up in an environment where alcoholism is present. Scott 2 Genetic and environmental factors influence alcoholic tendencies in people, but this does not necessarily mean having one of these factors will result in alcoholism. However, if both factors are present then a person might have a greater chance.

M&A in India in Past Few Years Essay

Abstract The process of mergers and acquisitions has gained substantial importance in today’s corporate world. This process is extensively used for restructuring the business organizations. In India, the concept of mergers and acquisitions was initiated by the government bodies. Some well known financial organizations also took the necessary initiatives to restructure the corporate sector of India by adopting the mergers and acquisitions policies. The Indian economic reform since 1991 has opened up a whole lot of challenges both in the domestic and international spheres. The increased competition in the global market has prompted the Indian companies to go for mergers and acquisitions as an important strategic choice. The trends of mergers and acquisitions in India have changed over the years. The immediate effects of the mergers and acquisitions have also been diverse across the various sectors of the Indian economy. Till recent past, the incidence of Indian entrepreneurs acquiring foreign enterprises was not so common. The situation has undergone a sea change in the last couple of years. Acquisition of foreign companies by the Indian businesses has been the latest trend in the Indian corporate sector. The Indian IT and ITES sectors have already proved their potential in the global market. The other Indian sectors are also following the same trend. The increased participation of the Indian companies in the global corporate sector has further facilitated the merger and acquisition activities in India. The various factors that played their parts in facilitating the mergers and acquisitions in India are favorable government policies, buoyancy in economy, additional liquidity in the corporate sector, and dynamic attitudes of the Indian entrepreneurs are the key factors behind the changing trends of mergers and acquisitions in India. Even though mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have been an important element of corporate strategy all over the globe for several decades, research on M&As has not been able to provide conclusive evidence on whether they enhance efficiency or destroy wealth. There is thus an ongoing global debate on the effects of M&As on firms. This article seeks to explore the trends and progress in M&As India. Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1618272 MERGER & ACQUISITION IN INDIA: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY The phrase mergers and acquisitions (abbreviated M&A) refers to the aspect of corporate strategy, corporate finance and management dealing with the buying, selling and combining of different companies that can aid, finance, or help a growing company in a given industry grow rapidly without having to create another business entity. In business or economics a merger is a combination of two companies into one larger company. Such actions are commonly voluntary and involve stock swap or cash payment to the target. Stock swap is often used as it allows the shareholders of the two companies to share the risk involved in the deal. A merger can resemble a takeover but result in a new company name (often combining the names of the original companies) and in new branding; in some cases, terming the combination a â€Å"merger† rather than an acquisition is done purely for political or marketing reasons. Mergers may be broadly classified in (i) Horizontal mergers: A situation when two or more merging companies manufacture similar product in the same industry. (ii) Vertical mergers: A situation when two or more merging companies work at different stages of manufacture of a same product. (iii) Conglomerate mergers: A situation when two or more merging companies operate in different industries. The word acquisition, also known as a takeover or a buyout, is the buying of one company (the ‘target’) by another. An acquisition may be friendly or hostile. In the former case, the companies cooperate in negotiations; in the latter case, the takeover target is unwilling to be bought or the target’s board has no prior knowledge of the offer. Acquisition usually refers to a purchase of a smaller firm by a larger one. Sometimes, however, a smaller firm will acquire management control of a larger or longer established company and keep its name for the combined entity. This is known as a reverse takeover. Another type of acquisition is reverse merger, a deal that enables a private company to get publicly listed in a short time period. A reverse merger occurs when a private company that has strong prospects and is eager to raise financing buys a publicly listed shell company, usually one with no business and limited assets. Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1618272 Reasons for Merger and Acquisition †¢ Operating synergies: The uniting of two firms improve productivity or cut costs so that the unlevered cash flows of the combined firm exceed the combined unlevered cash flows of the individual firm †¢ A vertical merger between a supplier and a customer, eliminates various coordination and bargaining problems †¢ A horizontal merger between competitors, produces a less competitive product market and cost savings from combining R&D facilities and sales forces †¢ Financial synergies: Information and incentive problems may cause cashstarved firms to pass up positive NPV projects, but cash-rich firms to overinvest in negative NPV projects †¢ Conglomerates can use internal capital markets to transfer funds from negative NPV projects to positive NPV projects †¢ †¢ Enhance the flexibility of the organization Reduces bankruptcy risk Objectives In this article an attempt has been made (i) To examine the presence of trends and progress of M&As in Indian corporation. (ii) To analyze year-wise and industry-wise variance in number and amount of M&A deals. Hypotheses To cover the above objectives following hypotheses have been formulated: 1. There is no significant difference in number and amount of M&A deals in between years and between industries. 2. There is no significant difference between M&A progress in manufacturing and service sector Industry-wise Trends of M&As The industry-wise trends in number and amount of M&A deals between 2000 and 2007 are presented in the Table 1 and Table 2 and the industry-wise trends and progress of M&As have been analysed on this basis Food and Beverages: India is the world’s second largest producer of food next to China, and has the potential of being the biggest with the food and agricultural sector. The Indian food market is estimated at over US$ 182 billion, and accounts for about two thirds of the total Indian retail market. According to industry experts, the market for carbonated drinks in India is worth US$ 1.5 billion while the juice and juice-based drinks market accounts for US$ 0.25 billion. Growing at a rate of 25 per cent, the fruitdrinks category is one of the fastest growing in the beverages market. The Indian food processing industry plays a significant role in diversifaction of agriculture products, generates employment, enhances income of farmers and creates a surplus for export of agro-foods. The important reason of the M&A activity initiated in this industry are deregulation, restructuring disinvestment, restructuring by parent companies and presence of foreign players. Textiles Industry: Until the economic liberalization of Indian economy, the India Textile Industry was predominantly unorganized industry. The opening up of Indian economy post 1990s led to a stupendous growth of this industry. India Textile Industry is one of the largest textile industries in the world. Today, Indian economy is largely dependent on textile manufacturing and exports. India earns around 27% of the foreign exchange from exports of textiles. Further, India Textile Industry contributes about 14% of the total industrial production of India. Furthermore, its contribution to the gross domestic product of India is around 3% only. Textile Industry involves around 35 million workers directly and it accounts for 21% of the total employment generated in the economy. However the important reasons for the M&As in these sectors are: growth of power looms and handlooms sector at the cost of mill sector which has ultimately resulted in making them sick and unviable. This has led to an increase in the closure of mills; in addition, continued and persistent use of old plant and machinery has led to low profitability in the mill sector and thereby forcing some of mills to closedowns. Chemicals, Drugs and Pharmaceuticals: Under this category companies operating in the industrial groups of chemicals, drugs, pharmaceutical, cosmetics petrochemicals and rubbers have been taken into account for analyzing the trend and progress. The drug & pharmaceutical industry in India meets around 70% of the country’s demand for bulk drugs, drug intermediates, pharmaceutical formulations, chemicals, tablets, capsules, orals and injectibles. There are about 250 large Pharmaceuticals manufacturers and suppliers and about 8000 Small Scale Pharmaceutical & Drug Units which form the core of the pharmaceutical industry in India (including 5 Central Public Sector Units). These bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals manufacturers produce the complete range of pharmaceutical formulations i.e. medicines ready for consumption by patients and about 350 bulk drugs i.e. chemicals having therapeutic value and used for production of pharmaceutical formulations. Owing to a significant increase in Pharmaceuticals exports, India’s USD 3.1 billion pharmaceutical industries are growing at the rate of 14 percent per year. It is one of the largest and most advanced among the developing countries. Even the number of pharmaceuticals exporters, manufacturers and suppliers is increasing tremendously, the factors that contributed to increase in M&A activity in these sectors are: Introduction of the process Patent Act in 1970, which required Indian companies to recognize international process patents. This has given an opportunity for the Indian companies to grow. This growth is associated with M&As and the emergence of WTO has brought about fundamental changes in the pharmaceutical industry. Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) of WTO require all Indian companies to comply with international patents. This has mainly happened in the form of M&As. Non–metallic Mineral Products: In this sector, cement and ceramics manufacturers are the primary players. The factors responsible for M&As are: before 1999 cement industry faced many problems like liquidity crisis, inadequate expenditure on infrastructure and costs of inputs. South-east Asian crisis brought narrowed profitability resulting to the bigger players withstanding the pressure of lower profitability and smaller and marginal players closing down or merging with big players and trying to appear favorable for a takeover. National Quadrilateral Road Project and State Government Policies to construct the irrigation projects could be other factors responsible for this boom. Basic Metal, Alloy and Steel: This is one of the oldest and traditional industry sectors in India. Companies operating in metals, alloy, steel and related concerns are grouped under this head. The factors contributing to M&As in this sector are: Slowdown of the economy during the year 1996-97, the capital markets, remaining depressed for the past couple of years, drying up sources of investment funds for industry, small and medium corporate finding it difficult to access institutional funds and export growth subjected to competitive pressure from imports. Information Technology and Telecom: Companies operating in the IT, Software, telecom and convergence sector are clubbed in industry, the central government has formed an independent department of information technology. Since the removal of restrictions on foreign capital investment and industrial de-licensing, India’s Telecom industry has shown large growth The Important factors for increasing M&As in this sector are: Consistent efforts were made by the department of telecom and its constituent organizations for upgrading and expanding the telecom networks and services and the Initiation of internet and web based developments and introduction of cell phone in India;. Automobiles and Automobile Ancillaries: Companies operating in automobile sector, locomotives, transport and spares have been included under this head. The Indian transport industry has been gradually playing a catalytic role for producing a wide variety of vehicles, passenger cars. Important factors responsible for an increase in M&As in this sector are: Globilalization is pushing global auto majors to consolidate, to upgrade technology, enlarge product range, access new markets and to cut costs. Competitive pressure and presence of global players have resulted in a number of M&As in this sector. Energy, Power, Gas and Oil: Companies operating in the field of energy, power, gas and oil are included in this group. Important factors responsible for an increase in M&As in this sector are, low rate of growth in power generation depressed the growth rate of industrial production and has necessitated immediate attention of big companies like Reliance Industries and due to unavailability of power and frequent disruptions have given an impetus to M&As in this sector..

The English Legal System assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The English Legal System assignment - Essay Example The construction process is, therefore, a cohesive process that begins with the survey of the land and the determination of the effective terrestrial features thus influencing the development of property that sustains the investment for all the parties involved. The land surveyor may face legal responsibility for negligence on their jobs in the survey and design of the house depending on the complaints and conflicts that arise thereafter. Such complaints may arise from either the property owner or the eventual client who either buys or rents the property. The complaints may include any boundary feuds that arise thereafter or the nature of the structure that arises from the design. Surveyors inform the architect on the nature of the land and its ability to support particular designs and populations. A surveyor should determine if a land is swampy and therefore advise the architect on the design of the structure and the possible reclamation methods capable of making the land usable for the purposes of constructing a residential property. Legal cases would arise in case a building sinks later since such portrays evident lack of effective land survey. In a bid to ascertain the security of the citizen, the government of Britain asserts more importance on the practice and, consequently, evaluates every surveyor. The government certifies the survey schools and the courses taught in such facilities. Additionally, it certifies every surveyor thus permitting their practice. This way, it becomes possible to track any fraudulent surveyors who cause the loss of either property or lives. The property owner always contracts a surveyor who may be a real estate agent. The agent then...England, unlike most of the European countries, has a unique constitution; the country’s constitution arises from several acts of parliament, legal documents, and judicial decisions. In determining the negligence as discussed above, the court uses such acts of parliament, torts, and past pr ecedence . The courts employ relative yet effective applications of the statutes. In doing this, the courts must ensure that they protect the interests of all the parties involved by instituting fairness to all. The courts consider precedents as set by the courts in past similar cases. By doing this, the courts avoid instances of unfairness as either party in such cases may compare past cases to their current case and identify inconsistencies. In the case of unique cases, the courts analyse the statutes and state laws thus maintaining fairness in the determination and in the setting precedents for future cases. In retrospect, land surveyors may face negligence cases depending on the manner in which they offer their services to the public. The English legal system provides an elaborate process of falsifying a contractor and determining negligence in their cases. The courts thus use the existing legislations to ensure effective compensation for the losses incurred by the parties conce rned.

How Soccer Explains the World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How Soccer Explains the World - Essay Example Franklin Foer, whilst penning this book has taken a close look at the role that soccer has played in the global cultivation of competition, mad rivalry that has sparked off a number of controversies, varied sagas and what not. He has discussed issues like world trade as well as the linkage of the Western culture where soccer celebrities like Zidane, Ronaldo and Beckham are perceived to be the biggest that there were and still are in the world. They have no less a value when we compare them to American President Bush or even the beheaded Iraqi dictator, Saddam Hussein. There are the sport mad societies that he has openly discussed as well as the role of this game in religions like that of Islam, the phenomenon like hooliganism and so on and so forth. The justification that Foer has provided raises quite a few eye brows since there is enough food for thought as concerns to the game itself and the working methodologies which go hand in hand with the Western way of doing things, one such igniting a level of competition that is bound to be remarked as unmatchable right from the onset. Franklin Foer has remained passionate throughout his book, so much so that his passion knows no boundaries whilst raising an energy which looks all the more contagious than anything else. The religious sentiments that he has brought forward are however a step further than the passion that he has discussed in his book courtesy the game itself. Foer has made sure that his book brings to life with the portraits and profiles of different players like the ones hailing from Nigeria and then there are the issues which restrict sports participation on the part of the Iranian women as well. There are the parallel worlds of Brazilian soccer as well as politics which Pele went into and hence game became so much more politicized as a result of this. What Foer wants to highlight is the fact that the aspect of globalization has

IKEA Warehouse System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IKEA Warehouse System - Essay Example IKEA furniture are cheap, durable and stylish. Source: The Economist, 2011, http://www.economist.com/node/18229400 From the start, IKEA was perceived as the David of furniture stores who was willing to challenge the Goliaths of furniture dealers, for which reason it concentrated on developing top-quality, low-cost furniture (Elsner, W & Hanappi, 2008). On the other hand, the challenges posed by the group of competitors was much like that of a cartel. The Swedish furniture dealers pressured suppliers not to sell to independent manufacturers to create an artificial shortage of raw materials. They also excluded unaffiliated furniture makers and dealers from their trade fairs. Ingvar Kamprad, the founder of IKEA, saw social problems in the furniture industry, as well as a business opportunity. He saw that the great majority of people had needs which were not being met as far as the need for beautifully crafted but affordably priced furniture and household items were concerned. At the sam e time, he felt that this exclusion of the masses was not fair nor warranted, and that people of all walks of life are entitled to good furniture (Reichert, 1998, p. 3). ... The house is designed with architecture by IdeaBox, mostly straight lines with little detail. Source: Dornob, http://dornob.com/flat-pack-ikea-house-built-shipped-for-under-100000/?ref=search Kamprad was not a social idealist without a practical agenda. He saw a business opportunity in the fact that a huge market existed which was not being serviced by the existing manufacturers and their contract-bound suppliers and retailers. However, this market had a relatively low price target, therefore if the company intends to realize a profit out of its sales to this market segment then it should be able to maintain its production and distribution costs at a margin below the selling price (The Economist, 2011) Flat-packed IKEA furniture can be carted home at the back of a car without need for incurring delivery costs. The packaging also saved on store and warehouse space. Source: http://earth911.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/IKEA-Flat-Pack-300x199.jpg?84cd58 Based on this strategic directio n, the Company developed most of its product designs, supplier relationships, and customer service practices in a way that was intended to minimize production costs and maximize value for the customer. The novel idea was to produce low-cost furniture that were easy to build, and easy for the customer to assemble by himself. The principal innovation that sets IKEA apart is its flat-pack packaging that made IKEA furniture easy and cost-effective to ship, store, sell, and later set up through self-assembly. The cost savings the company realized in terms of saved store space, delivery and labour costs were passed on to the customers in terms of lower prices. In marketing, what the company essentially pioneered in is â€Å"the self-service method of selling† which, aside

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 26

Marketing - Essay Example Market players are postponing the inevitable change for as long as possible. The services provided by the traditional dry cleaners do not bear up to levels of expectation. Clothes although clean are returned in a malodorous condition, materials damaged in the long term, and with the added ‘bonus’ that Perchloroethylene (perc) is a skin irritant for some people. The chemical has been banned in some areas of the country and it has also been documented as ‘environmentally unfriendly’ and is very harmful and carcinogenic to the employees. The customers and the paying public have been conditioned to this offering and it is in my view that a positive, strong public awareness campaign will help forefront the market, giving SUN Dry Cleaners the first mover advantage. The competitive advantage of Sun Dry Cleaners is that the operations will be set up from scratch which will not involve any switching costs or transaction costs. Also, the market players currently are very afraid of increasing the public awareness solely due to the costs that are involved. This gives SUN Dry Cleaners the advantage, as the company intends to offer substantial benefits in service quality; raising the bar by bringing the industry into the present economic climate. Hence the size of the operations is the benefit for the company. The small size allows SUN to be more responsive and informed along with being better educated and environmentally aware clientele. This business is aimed to be opened in Miami, Florida. The city offers fantastic growth potential and of location is also deliberate off the basis of procuring industry inside knowledge as to customer preference, that is, the need to be able to look and feel the cleaning establishment on a one to one level with the view that confidence will be instilled as to the level of professionalism being employed therein. The current market condition includes several dry cleaners

Gross Ecosystem Production literature Review Essay

Gross Ecosystem Production literature Review - Essay Example How these components are timed and their amplitude determines the whole seasonal pattern of the carbon flux. The amount of organic matter involved in these processes varies from one ecosystem to another (Caffrey, 2003). The balance between the respiration and assimilation processes may be subjectively affected by changes in the local climate (Houghton et al., 1996). This means that changes in the systematic length of growth season are indicative of an extension in the time favoring carbon assimilation. On the other hand, the impact of climate on the process of respiration is very complicated. For instance, soil respiration is strongly related with soil temperature in most ecosystems. However, in other ecosystems, activity of the microbes depends on the soil moisture. The carbon budget of an ecosystem has been measured by a number of parameters. Some of the commonly used measurements include; Net Primary Production, Net Ecosystem Exchange, Net Ecosystem Production, Gross Primary Production and Net Ecosystem Metabolism among others (Kirschbaum, Eamus, Gifford, Roxburgh, & Sands, 2001; Lovett, Cole, & Pace, 2006; Mizoguchiet al., 2012). Gross ecosystem production refers to the measure of carbon accumulated in an ecosystem. The process responsible for the accumulation of carbon is photosynthesis (Kirschbaum et al., 2001). A number of ecosystems have been studied. The ecosystems include arid and semi-arid ecosystems (Smart, Stark, & Diego, 1999), wetlands (Stellner, Czerny, Dus, & Kve, 2012), sagebrush-steppe, shrubs, and rainforests (Barkmann et al., 2007). Other ecosystems studied are grassland, coastal lagoons (Camacho-Ibar, Carriquiry, & Smith, 2003), artificial reservoirs (Piet & Vijverberg, 1998) and ponds (Rubbo, Cole, &Kiesecker, 2006). However, the most vulnerable ecosystem is the Arctic. It is highly susceptible to climate change, and the effects of global warming. It is showed that these seasonal and climatic changes

United States Counterinsurgency (COIN) Operations Essay

United States Counterinsurgency (COIN) Operations - Essay Example Effective intelligence plays a major on wars against the insurgence as stipulated on the FM 3-24. The study reveals that the success of the operation on fields to bring down insurgents rest upon the effectiveness of the counter-insurgences team. Researchers have realized that a clear analysis of cultures, values, interest and strategic plans of a certain group in a society is the way forward to successful counterinsurgency. Studying the behavior of the insurgence, the population of the host country and the state will improve the success of the counterinsurgent team1. Additionally, the population provides more information regarding their behavior and the mode of insurgents. Research indicates that the insurgents use the population to gain their support and undermine the governing body. It is also indicated that the insurgents use the readily available tools to improve their supports. Such tools that can foster their support include political, economic, and informational to undermine the incumbent government. About such efforts by the insurgents, the counterinsurgency team would have to integrate themselves with the population. Such effort will provide them with more information about the techniques use by the insurgence. There are limitations to successful counterinsurgency; one that is clear is that most human intelligence operates in a short period in places with a high number of insurgence or in places that require counterinsurgency team. As clearly stated above, COIN requires deep analysis of the culture, believes, interest and perception of a certain group or an individual. Achievement of this can only be realized after a long period of mixing and studying such

Low risk 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Low risk 3 - Essay Example The Emperor was quite just in the fact that it is not, at least, fair, to blame the other in the faultiness of your own deeds. On the contrary, Marcus Aurelius believed that the person who caused the event was the only, and the only one, reason of the event. Furthermore, it was in the philosophy of Marcus Aurelius that a non-educated individual should not suffer from the lack of knowledge. On the contrary, it is the responsibility of the educated ones to either treat the poor in knowledge one sympathetically, or to help him\her in obtaining the knowledge. Marcus Aurelius was always trying to educate and empower his nation, and such tendencies seem to be coming from the philosophical views of the Emperor. The Stoic thoughts he followed helped his rule to be more liberal and humanistic. At the same time, as I believe, Aurelius’ ideas did not let the Emperor execute his power in its full force – blaming one single individual means missing the influential context of the ext ernal environment formed by the society and the Emperor in particular. Blaming on single individual for a single fault, therefore, means transferring responsibility for the fault from the society and the Emperor onto one person.

Domestic reforms in the period up to 1529 Essay Example for Free

Domestic reforms in the period up to 1529 Essay With what success did Wolsey carry through his domestic reforms in the period up to 1529? Wolsey was a fortunate man and with some success carried through the domestic reforms. He usually had the aim to achieve greater power and more control. In this essay I will study how successful Wolsey actually was and why. Wolsey became Lord Chancellor in 1515, which gained him the most important office of the State. He was also at the very centre of government. Living so close to West Minster and the Royal Courts of Justice gave Wolsey the opportunity to parade around and demonstrate the power he had as Henry VIIIs chief minister and leading chairman. Wolsey managed to retain the kings favour and was therefore with some success able to carry through his own domestic reforms. He certainly didnt want many people influencing the king and so kept and eye on the gentlemen of the Privy Chamber. Henry VIII used the Privy Chamber as Henry VII had done but rather than being alone he liked to be surrounded by gentlemen of his own age. These men were extremely close to the king and could exercise considerable influence. By 1518 Wolsey became concerned by this and so placed his own man, Richard Pace to be gentlemen in audience of the King. After this he seized his chance and expelled many of the minions for bad influence or sent them to do jobs away from the centre of power. Wolsey had managed to keep his power by encouraging the King in his pleasures and therefore had his chance to strike again, this time with the suggestion of reforming the government. Henry interested in this willingly agreed. Wolsey managed to expel the minions with such success that he had no need to carry on reforming. This suggests that Wolsey tried to maintain sole influence over the King. I think that because Henry wasnt a great deal interested, Wolsey had a better chance of success and having had the power to persuade the king also helped him to succeed. In 1526 Wolsey also proposed to reform the royal household, the Eltham Ordinances were introduced. Theses were designed to give Wolsey as much control as possible over those close to the king and reduce the size of the Privy Chamber. Wolsey was successful with this as the amount of people went from 12 down to 6. He managed to remove his chief enemy, William Compton, and replace him with Henry Norris. Wolsey also devised a council attendant on the king but made sure they were always busy elsewhere. Wolsey was successful in reforming the household and this is shown by the things he managed to do. The changes were meant to cut costs but once he had achieved his objectives and removed the people who may influence the king he had no reason to proceed. Wolseys greatest impact was in legal reform. In 1516 he put forward a reforming plan which was intended to end the corruption in the legal system and provide cheap and impartial justice. This reform was a success in that he exposed and punished many individuals. He based the centre of his work with the court of the Star Chamber. Wolsey made this court very popular and the evidence to prove this is that it had 120 cases per year, which was 10 times the annual total Henry VII had in his reign. Wolsey was successful as he put the Earl of Northumberland into prison for corruption of the court and in 1517 he sent a royal chancellor, Sir Robert Sheffield, to the tower for being an accessory to a crime. Respect for Wolsey increased because of this, but enemies were also made. A quote from Wolsey to the King shows how successful he was and how much power he did have to exercise. And for your realm, Our Lord be thanked, it was never in such peace or tranquillity: for all this summer I have neither of riot, felony, nor forcible entry, but that your laws be in every place indifferently (fairly) ministered, without leaning in any manner. The letter goes on to say how successful in reforming the laws in the Star Chamber but also that he had some power over the King as he writes how he is going to deal with the two men rather than asking what he should do. He explains that people will understand the new law of the Star Chamber. Wolsey also had some success with the Court of Chancery as he managed to increase the work. Wolsey has been credited with making a major contribution to English law through his decisions, which created precedents. He managed to establish a permanent judical committee dealing with cases brought by the poor, who he favoured, which created enemies of richer people. Wolsey wanted to see courts available for the poor and weak, since they stood little chance against the rich and strong in common law courts where large sums of money was required to succeed. Yet within these courts many honest people were put on trial. A contemporary source, the Chronicle of Edward Hall dated 1526 explains how Wolsey letting the poor people have a court led to innocent people being punished. The poor people perceived that he punished the rich, then they complained without number, and brought many an honest man to trouble and vexation. Here I think Wolsey achieved his objectives and also achieved successfully reforming the Court of Chancery. Wolsey managed to reform administration and finance with some success. He built up the Kings affinity in each locality by appointing the kings servants or his own to key country positions. In local government he gained his centralising drive with some accomplishment as the local officials responded more rapidly and efficiently to royal instructions. Wolsey wanted to have control in every sector and with the reformations he did manage to achieve his objectives with many successes. It is said that Wolsey made an important contribution to Tudor finance. He managed to develop the tax, which is now known as a subsidiary. Wolsey also changed the inadequate fixed rates and yields for a flexible system based on accurate valuations of taxpayers wealth. This proved very successful as people were only paying what they could afford. Wolsey wasnt able to manage parliament well, which was probably because of his temperament and the impossibility of winning taxation for wars that had already happened. This domestic policy did create enemies and for this reason it was quite unsuccessful in the early 1520s. Wolsey soon lacked humility and lost some ability of being able to persuade, so economic benefit for the crown was little and people became hostile. Wolsey demanded the Amicable Grant. It was a non-parliamentary tax, but it did not prove successful as he had hoped. It led to rebellion in East Anglia and many other places just refused to pay. This was a huge failure for Wolsey as the rebels won and the Amicable Grant was abandoned. Wolsey was also relatively unsuccessful when he tried to change the law about enclosures. He saw them as a moral evil as many Tudor commentators had done. Unfortunately Wolsey saw the enclosures as the landowners being greedy and didnt see them as a long term economic change that was producing inflation. Yet he did still try to be an economic reformer. A letter to Wolsey from the Bishop of Lincoln in September 1528 explains how badly villages have been affected for the worst by the enclosures. Your heart would mourn to see the towns, villages, hamlets, manor places, in ruin and decay, the people gone, the ploughs laid down, the living of many honest husbandmen in one mans hand, ht common in many places taken away from then poor people. The Bishop of Lincoln in the letter also explains how he is supporting the reformation and how the people pray for it. Never saw people so glad as they are now, hoping the King and Wolsey will see reformation made. They pray for the King and your Grace everywhere. With the enclosures I think Wolsey was seeing only what he wanted to see and since he favoured poor people only saw in favour of them, this is why this domestic reform was unsuccessful. Although, he did prove himself to be energetic and well intentioned, even if he did fail. Wolsey did come up with other ways to carry through his domestic reforms. One of the ways was to reform the church. He was the most powerful churchman in England and so in 1519 he said he was going to reform the clergy. He wanted to improve both church and state when he was dealing with political enemies at court in that year. This plan was not very successful as he made plans but nothing really became of them. There were great demands for reforming clerical life and Wolsey knew this, he also knew that the privileged status of the clergy was resented. Wolsey wasnt terribly successful in reforming the church and he said that he may not have paid enough attention to it. He said, If I had served God as diligently as I have done the King This suggests that he didnt pay enough attention it, as he would have liked. However, he did pave the way for what happened in the 1530s, as he was involved in all aspects of the church. Churchmen became used to orders and enquiries from the crown, but the disadvantages of this was that their independence was reduced and therefore it became harder to re assert in time of a crisis. In conclusion, Wolsey did carry through some of his domestic reforms with some success. The only reason some of them werent successful is because of how he reacted in certain situations, for example the enclosures. Wolsey was a very powerful man and knew how to persuade the King, and this was usually how he achieved success, the people that got in the way were his enemies. Even though he did have some failures he did carry on, but usually for his own interest, to gain full power. In certain ways he did improve things for others, he especially tried to improve things for the poor. I think this is because he used to be poor himself and so wanted to make a better life for others. Overall Wolsey did carry through domestic policies with some success, even if he was trying to fulfil his own objectives.

Compare and Contrast the Development of B and T Cells

Compare and Contrast the Development of B and T Cells The epithelial surfaces of the body serve as an effective barrier against most microorganisms, and they are rapidly repaired if wounded. Adaptive immunity is initiated when an innate immune response fails to eliminate a new infection, whereby an activated antigen presenting cells (APCs) bearing pathogens antigens are delivered to the draining lymphoid tissues. An adaptive immune response differs from the innate immunity in its ability to target structures that are specific to particular strains and variants of pathogen. T cells are produced in the bone marrow. They are transported still, as pro-thymocytes to the thymus where they undergo the process of maturation and selection. The regulation of T cell maturation in the thymus is termed central tolerance. During gestation, most T cells generated bear the gamma/deta T cell receptor (TcR) on their surface. In the adult, most T cells bear the alpha/beta TcR. The newly formed TcR then, has to be tested for recognition of self-MHC/peptide. The T cells are tested at a stage of development known as double positive, meaning that they bear both CD4 and CD8 receptors on their surface. Cells with TcRs that recognize self-MHC/peptide with very low affinity will die. This process is known as death by neglect. Cells with TcRs with medium affinity for MHC receive survival signals and undergo a process known as positive selection. Finally, cells which receive a high affinity signal via their TcR die by apoptosis, a process known as negative selection. Cells that in teract with MHC class I become CD8 positive T cell, and those that interact with MHC class II become CD4 positive T cells, before migrating out into the peripheral lymphoid system (Wood P, 2006). Mature B cells, like T cell, are also develop form pluripotent stem cells. However unlike T cells lymphocytes, B cell maturation occurs in the bone marrow. There are four different stages of B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, immature B, and mature B cells. During its development, B cells acquire B cell surface marker expression such as B220, CD19, CD20, etc. as well as antigen receptors. The stromal cells lining the bone marrow provide essential growth signals to developing B cells, including cytokines such as IL7 and cell to cell contact, via VLA4/VCAM and Kit/SCF. During B cell development, gene segment rearrangements take place, just like in T cells where TcR rearrangements (central tolerance) also occur. However, for B cells, the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene locus (variable-V, joining-J and diversity-D segments), situated on chromosome 14, rearranges. In haematopoietic stem cells, the Ig heavy chain genes are in germline configuration (Kurosaki T et al., 2009). As B cells deve lop to pro-B cells, a D-J recombination is the first gene rearrangement to take place. The intervening DNA is normally deleted from the chromosome as a circle. Gene rearrangements are mediated by recombinase activitng genes, RAG proteins. As the developing B cell proceeds from pro- to pre-B cell stage, a V-DJ gene arrangement takes place to form the VDJ coding block that encodes the variable domain on the antibody heavy chain. Gene rearrangement takes place on both copies of chromosome 14 in a developing B cell, but once a productive VDJ block has been assembled on one chromosome 14, rearrangement ceases on the other chromosome, ensuring only one type of Ig is produced by any single B cell. This process is known as allelic exclusion. If a developing B cell fails to make a productive VDJ block, it will fail to produce antibody heavy chain and die in the bone marrow (Murphy K et al, 2008). T and B cell activation: T cell activation takes place in draining lymph nodes (also spleen) close to site of infection. T cell recognizes antigen on MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) molecules becomes activated and differentiates to effector cells. Effector T cells migrate to site of infection and carry out effector functions. The T lymphocytes arrive through venules, and cross through the endothelial to the lymph nodes. Antigen presenting cells such (APC) such as dendritic cells, and macrophages presented antigens to T cells. On recognition of the antigen, a low affinity interaction is formed. These T cells then leave lymph node though the lymphatic system. Those T cells that recognize the antigens wall with high affinity will be retained and the process of proliferation and differentiation occurs. However, initial B cell activation takes place in T cell zone of secondary lymphatic tissues (i.e. in lyhmph nodes). Mostly IgM producing plasma cells are produced at this state. B cells, unlike T cells, ar e activated by the ineraction with antigen-specific T cell, by linked recognition. Antigen-activated B cell migrates to B cell area of lymph nodes to form organized germinal centres, where additional B cell differentiation processes take place. It is important to note that T cells recognize the peptide, while B cells recognize the coat protein. For T and B lymphocyte activation 2 signals are hypothesized to be required. Firstly, the antigen stimulus signal and secondly, the co-stimulatory stimulus. The absence of the second signal results in anergy or apoptosis. CD28/B7 interaction is the co-stimulatory signals for T cells while CD40/CD40 ligand, on the activated T cells, interaction is for B cells. For both T and B lymphocytes, in it resting G0 cell cycle, the cell appear to have a large nucleus, with little cytoplasm and show little evidence of organelles. However, when these cells enter G1/S/G2 cell cycle, cell shows an increase in cell size, chromatin de-condensation is seen. Cell division occurs rapidly, generating effector cells of either T or B lymphocytes. Effector T cells include Th1, Th2 and T regulatory, as well as T cytotoxic cell and memory T cells. On the other hand, effector B cells include plasma cell and memory B cell. T and B cell effector functions: B cell response to T-dependent protein antigen results in germinal centres formation in B cell areas of lymph nodes, and specialized processes such as Ig class-switching, somatic mutation and affinity maturation, memory B cell and plasma cell generation take place there. Emerging form germinal centres are somatically mutated and class-switched B cells, which no longer just produce IgM. Memory B cells are long-lived, resting and re-circulating cells, responsible for immunization part which helpto generate rapid and vigorous immune response on second encounter for that specific antigen. Plamablast cells migrate to other sites such as bone marrow, and become plasma cells, producing large amounts of secreted antibody. Some of which can live for long periods. The effector functions of B cells refer to what antibodies do after their contact with the antigen. The antibody effector functions include neutralization, complement fixation (IgM, IgG1/2/3), oposonization and antibody dependent cel l-mediated cytotoxicity. In contrast, T cell effector functions differ significantly from B cell effector functions. Antigen presenting cells present peptide via MHC which can either interact with CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Helper T cells are defined by the cytokines they produce. Naà ¯ve CD4+ T cells (Th0), on interaction with APC, can differentiate to Th1 or Th2 cells, depending on the cytokine environment. Th1 cells co-ordinate inflammatory immune responses to intracellular pathogens while Th2 cells help B cells to make antibodies required for immune responses to extracellular pathogens, this is known as humoral immunity. Th1 and Th2 cells both act to promote the generation of more leukocytes. Besides Th0/Th1/Th2, other CD4+ T cell subsets exist (Zhu J et al., 2010). Resting T cells can differentiate into activated helper T cell, as well as activated cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ T cell). Initially, CD8+ T cells interact with potential target cells via low affinity/non-specific interactions between adhesion molecule s on the T cell (LFA-1 and CD2) and the target cell (ICAM1, ICAM2). This interaction has no effect on the cytoskeleton of the T cell and is a transient interaction unless recognition of specific peptide:MHC complexes occurs. If peptide:MHC I complex is present, the affinity of the adhesion molecule interaction increases and there is clustering of T cell receptor and associated molecules at the point of contact with the target cell forming the immunological synapse. This also signals for cytoskeletal rearrangements organized by the microtubule organizing complex which focuses the cytotoxic granules of the T cell at the point of contact with the target. Notice here, that T cells, unlike B cells do not produce antibodies against antigens. Granules containing perforin and other enzymes including granzymes are released and induce the activation of the cathepsin pathways in the target cell leading to apoptosis. CD8+ T cells can also kill target cells via the Fas/FasL pathway which also in duces apoptosis (Peter EJ 2007). In conclusion, adaptive immune responses occur when individual lymphocytes capable of responding to antigen proliferate and differentiate to become an antigen-specific effector cells and memory cells. The process of lymphocyte cell cycle progression, proliferation and differentiation in response to antigen and stimuli is known as lymphocyte activation. B cell activation is initiated by the ligation of the B cell receptor (BCR) with antigen and ultimately results in the production of protective antibodies against potentially pathogenic invaders. While naive or memory T cells encounter foreign antigen along with proper co-stimulation they undergo rapid and extensive clonal expansion. In human, this type of proliferation is fairly unique to cells of the adaptive immune system and requires a considerable expenditure of energy and cellular resources.

Behavioral Techniques in the Classroom Essay -- Education Teaching

Behavioral Techniques in the Classroom Very often, American parents complain that schools are disorderly and undisciplined. They claim that their child’s behavior has worsened and the child is using vulgar language. Teachers, however, complain that students arrive at school lacking common courtesy and respect for authority. Because of this, instruction time is wasted trying to obtain order (Bennett, et. al., 1999). Student discipline is affected by classroom management. The way in which a teacher manages his/her classroom delineates the type of instruction that will take place in the classroom. A classroom in which the teacher takes total responsibility for guiding students’ actions comprises a different learning environment than one in which students are encouraged to take responsibility for their own actions (Evertson, 2003). Many schools are reluctant to hold students accountable for their own actions. The education establishment warns teachers that they will be placing themselves in a questionable role if they emphasize rules, punish bad behavior, and reward good conduct (Bennett, et. al., 1999). Teachers need to create a learning environment in which students are encouraged to do their best and therefore, motivated to work to their highest potential. Teachers need to also set expectations and maintain the learning environment they have developed. Even in effectively managed c lassrooms, however, problems may occur. Effective teachers handle the problem quickly when inappropriate behavior occurs in order to keep the behavior from continuing and spreading. Most behavior can be handled with unobtrusive techniques, though some misbehavior requires more direct intervention. Whether orderly structures have bee... ... Moore, W.L & Cooper, Harris. (1984). Correlations Between Teacher and Student Backgrounds and Teacher Perceptions of Discipline Problems and Disciplinary Techniques. Retrieved March 19 from Ebsco Host Database. Roe, Betty & Ross, Eleanor. (1998). Effective Disciplinary Techniques. Retrieved March 19, 2004 from http:// academic.wsc.edu/edc/linked_files/student_teach_Handbooks/part6_disciplinary_techniques.doc. Short, R.J., & Short P.M. (1994). An organization perspective on student discipline. Education, 114(4). Retrieved March 17, 2004 from MasterFILE Premier. Slavin, R.E. (2003). Educational Psychology Theory and Practice. Boston: A and B. Wardle, F. (2003). Introduction to Early Childhood Education. Boston: A and B. (2004). Zero tolerance takes student discipline to harsh extremes. USA Today. Retrieved March 17, 2004 from MasterFILE Premier.

The Life and Work of C.G. Jung Reconsidered Essay -- C.G. Jung Biograp

The Life and Work of C.G. Jung Reconsidered   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my original paper on Carl Gustav Jung, I took a rather skeptical view of the doctor and his work, for several reasons that I will reiterate. However, after studying further into his work, I realized that these objections only related to his early psychiatric cases, and I found myself to be far more intrigued and impressed by his later work and theories. While I had stated in my first consideration of Jung that, â€Å"there is a frustratingly limited, almost biased quality to much of†¦ his work†, I was pleasantly surprised later on to find that many of his later theories and assumptions were anything but limited. I still believe that in his early case work he took tremendous risks, both clinically and professionally, yet it is that risk-taking aspect of his personality that ultimately allowed, or rather, propelled him to boldly go forward with some of his most groundbreaking and controversial contributions to the fields of psychology, and philosophy as well. It can even be said, and has been, that Dr. Jung is the father of modern â€Å"new-age† thinking. He also laid the groundwork for those who were inspired by his thoughts, perhaps much in the way that he himself was originally inspired by Freud. Once again, while my original opinion of Dr. Jung caused me to â€Å"wonder how much of Jung’s work was truly visionary, and how much of it benefits from a positive hindsight bias because of the successes he was able to achieve† in his early casework, I must say that my current opinion, early casework aside, is that Jung was in fact truly visionary, and was the originator of some of the most revolutionary conceptual thinking that the human experience has to offer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I will begin by giving a short background on Dr. Jung’s life, revisiting some of my objections to his early case work, and then move on to the ideas and concepts that caused me to reconsider his work as a whole.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Carl Gustav Jung was born on July 26th, 1875 in Kesswil, Switzerland, the only son of Johannes Paul Achilles Jung, a Swiss Reformed Church Evangelical minister. He was a strange, melancholic child with no brothers or sisters until he was nine years old. The family was steeped in religion, as he had eight uncles in the clergy as well as his maternal grandfather, Samuel Preiswerk, a respected pastor in Basel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In school Jung gravitated... ...’s experience from the practical to the mystical These theoretical concepts developed by Dr. Jung are what caused the hypothesis and negativity of my original consideration of him to be replaced by a deep respect and, in fact, an almost gleeful fascination with his work. I am discovering that quite a few people find that Jung has a great deal to say to them. This tends to include writers, artists, musicians, film makers, theologians, clergy of all denominations, students of mythology, and of course, and many psychologists In conclusion, my opinion on Carl Gustav Jung has come full circle. In a sense, the very qualities about him that I found troubling initially are the same qualities that allowed him to be brave enough to defy and question, at first, Freud, and later perhaps the entire psychiatric establishment base, and come up with theories and concepts that are still being built upon. There are elements of his work in the Humanistic approach, Existentialism, and obviously the various Jungians, and neo-Jungians that continue to explore the meaning he was able to give to what previously held little meaning. Dr. Jung’s work was visionary, to say the least, visionary indeed.

The Need For Federal Government Involvement In Education Reform :: essays research papers

The Need for Federal Government Involvement in Education Reform by____________ Political Science 2301 Federal and State Government OVERVIEW For centuries, generations of families have congregated in the same community or in the same general region of the country. Children grew up expecting to earn a living much like their fathers and mothers or other adults in their community. Any advanced skills they required beyond the three R's (Readin', Ritin' and Rithmatik) were determined by the local community and incorporated into the curriculum of the local schools. These advanced skills were taught to the up- and-coming generation so they could become a vital part of their community. The last several decades has greatly expanded the bounds of the "community" to almost anywhere in the country or anywhere in the world for that matter. Advances in transportation and communication has made the world a much smaller place then the world we knew as children. The skills our children need to realize parents' perpetual dream of "their children having a better life" are no longer limited to those seen in the local area. It is becoming more and more apparent that the education system of yesterday cannot adequately prepare students for life and work in the 21st Century. These concerns have prompted people across the country to take a hard look at our education system and to organize their efforts to chance the education system as we know it. WHAT'S HAPPENING OUT THERE? There are two major movements in recent years whose focus is to enhance the education of future generations. The "Standards" movement focuses on educational content and raising the standards of traditional teaching and measurement means and methods. The "Outcome Based Education" (OBE) movement is exploring new ways of designing education and changing the way we measure the effectiveness of education by focusing on results or outcomes. STANDARDS MOVEMENT In September 1989, President Bush and the nation's governors called an Education Summit in Charlottesville, Virginia. At this summit, President Bush and the nation s governors, including then-governor Bill Clinton, agreed on six broad goals for education to be reached by the year 2000. Two of those goals (3 and 4) related specifically to academic achievement: * Goal 3: By the year 2000, American students will leave grades 4, 8, and 12 having demonstrated competency in challenging subject matter including English, mathematics, science, history, and geography; and every school in America will ensure that all students learn to use their minds well, so they may be prepared for responsible citizenship, further learning, and productive employment in our modern economy. * Goal 4: By the year 2000, U.S. students will be first in the world in science

Nature or Nurture Essay

NURTURE OR NATURE It has been long debated the importance of nature verses nurture. It is hard to prove one from the other since it is shown for them both to play major roles in the development of a child to an adult. I believe that my personality is a combination of both nature and nurture but I think that I am +more nurtured. There are so many behaviors that I have developed from the environment I grew up. I have learnt to respect all people from being influenced at school and by my parents. I have also been trained to be responsible of things such as doing my work. I learnt that if I am not responsible and don’t do my work, then I must pay bad consequences. I have also learnt from experiences that if I do what I am supposed to do, I may be rewarded for good things done. My environment has influenced me in many ways to act upon certain things automatically. Things like looking both ways before crossing the street, or other things that appear to be common sense are learnt from nurture. I have gone through many experiences in which I have learnt different lessons. These lessons have taught me how to act in my life. I know that I am very different person than my mom or my dad. I don’t have very much in common with either of them. Although we do share some of the same aspects, I feel that I am more different from them than alike. I have developed the majority of my social skills from my friends and not my parents. Most of my social life revolves around my friends, who have influenced me a lot of the decisions I make and in the way I act. I don’t socialize with my parents nearly as much as I do with my peers. I don’t think I know my parents well enough to say if I am like them when they are around their friends or not. The nature and nurture of a person can vary greatly. Sometimes there are certain things that are hard to decide whether they are inherited or learnt. I might share some qualities with my parents, but they could just be characteristics that I learnt in my life that my parents also learnt in their lives too and were not inherited. I believe that genes indicate the potential for one’s behavior and personality, and that the environment helps create the extent as to how that behavior is carried out.

Philippe Halsman Essay

Philippe Halsman (2 May 1906 Riga, Latvia – 25 June 1979, New York City) was a portrait photographer who made major contributions to the world of modern movement in photography as a fine art. Although Halsman studied electrical engineering, he took up photography as a profession. Halsman left Austria for France. There he began his career as a photographer to fashion magazines such as Vogue and soon became one of the most reputed portrait photographers in France. By 1936, Halsman became one of the leading portrait photographers. His repute lay in the use of sharp, dark images rather than soft and mellowed focus of the old school. When France was attacked during World War II, Halsman eventually migrated to U. S. A , and lived there till death in 1979. In America, Halsman stepped into the world of fashion photography when his image of model Constance Ford was used by the cosmetics firm Elizabeth Arden in advertising â€Å"Victory Red† lipstick. Halsman could make a niche for himself in the photographs of the fashion magazines where his bold sharp portrait images could make a distinct departure from the earlier soft mellowed appearances. (PSGB, 1963) Halsman left his mark on fashion photography, through the many assignments that he took up over the years in various prestigious magazines; eventually he became the staff photographer for Life magazine, for which magazine he did more than one hundred covers, the first being the one portraying a model in a Lilly Dache hat. When Philippe Halsman’s portrait appeared on the cover of Life in 1942, it immediately reached a huge audience and created a major uproar. When Halsman joined Life, the magazine was young, and photojournalism was a new field, waiting to be explored, and Halsman embarked on the task diligently with his acumen of creating bright, sharp images. One of Halsman’s famous jump photos of Marilyn Monroe on the cover of Life magazine. (www. iphotocentral. com/†¦ /256/Philippe+Halsman) The photos of Albert Einstein taken in 1947 went on to become one of the most famous ones taken by Halsman. During the photography session, Einstein shared with him his regrets about his involvement with the United States in pursuing the atom bomb. This portrait was later used in 1966 on a U. S. postage stamp and in 1999, on the cover of Time Magazine, when Time named Einstein the â€Å"Person of the Century. † (Boni, 1962) Apart from the freshness and the new technique that he brought to portrait and fashion photography, Philippe Halsman’s contribution to the world of photography can be gauged in terms of the following focal areas: SURREALISM PSYCHOLOGICAL PORTRAITURE JUMPOLOGY SURREALISM: Though Philippe Halsman drew upon the works of surrealists, he could internalize the experiment within himself lending a distinctive edge to the evolving leitmotif, in terms of insertion of homely and uncannily disturbing details which held his subjects in a pictorial taut: his deep inroads into the surrealists’ delving of the erotic unconscious had gelled into his subconscious, making him combine so delicately the ordinates of sex, glamour and heightened energy, so synergistically, in the individual portraits of such sensual idols as Merilyn Monroe, Brigitte Bardot. In fact, an eminently rewarding outcome of a long and enduring friendship that he shared with the noted surrealist, Salvador Dali for over 3 decades in the early 20th century was a series of tableaux like Dali Atomicus, exploring the playful fantasies of an artist, his canvas, a bucket of water, cats appearing in a suspended flux. Halsman’s title of this photograph has indirect allusions to Dali’s work ‘Leda Atomica’. visible at the right end of the photograph, behind the cats. The degree of Halsman’s continuous striving for perfectionism can be gauged from one of his observations where he averred that he made 28 attempts before his final work could meet his stamp of approval. (ABC-CIS, 1976) Dali Atomicus (1948) by Halsman in an unretouched version, showing the devices which held up the various props and missing the painting in the frame on the easel. Another important collaborative effort between Dali and Halsman was seen in Voluptas Mors, a portrait of Dali near a verisimilitude of a skull composed of 7 interlocked nudes. Salvador Dali portrait, In Voluptas Mors (1951) In this joint effort Halsman assiduously exerted full 3 hours for arranging the models in terms of the sketch done by Dali. The posters for the films ‘Silence of the Lambs’ and ‘The Descent’ made use of the photographic version of Voluptas Mors, though in fairly subtle and not so subtle modes. (T-L Books, 1977) The master of surrealism, Salvador Dali had shared an intimate chemistry with Philippe Halsman. Dali habitually visualised the problems of creating and presenting the depth and intricacies of surrealist art and Halsman almost always managed to resolve these problems for him. ‘Voluptas Mors’ and ‘Dali Atomicus’ are only two examples of their collaborative endeavour that profoundly changed the outlook of the people towards photography as a form of fine art. (Halsman, 1989)

The Differences of Teenagers in the 1940s Compared to Teenagers Today

The Differences of Teenagers in the 1940s Compared to Teenagers Today Elizabeth Ann Murphy Keller Regional Gifted Center, Chicago Teacher: Sandra Cap â€Å"Teenager† was not even a word until the late 1940s. Zoot suits, bobby-soxers, soda shops, do not sound familiar. These were all things 1940 teenagers know. A teenager's life in the 1940s and today is extremely different in the areas of high school life and home life. If you stepped into a classroom in the 1940s, you might see girls making dresses and boys training hard in physical education.At Crane Technical High School, physical education was very important because the principal wanted to keep all of the boys in tiptop shape for war. At Lucy Flower High School for girls, the students studied hat making, laundering, and beauty culture. Also, schools that had sewing classes, had a fashion show at the end of the year where the boys and girls alike would fashion what they had made. According to the Chicago Teen Exhibit at the Chicago Historical Society, the reason these classes are so different from today is â€Å"many poor and immigrant families saw little value in studying subjects like Latin and Botany.Educators knew that young people and their parents would choose school over work only if it served a practical purpose. In response, schools offered vocational and commercial courses from dressmaking to bookkeeping. Growing numbers of young people soon filled technical schools†. Schools taught lessons in family life, hygiene, and health. According to Joel Spring this was because â€Å"What do we do with sixty percent of students who aren't gaining anything from a college-prep curriculum? We will give them â€Å"life adjustment education†.In 1940, eight out ten boys who graduated from school went to war and more than half of the population of the United States had completed no more than eighth grade. In 1945 fifty-one percent of 17 year olds were high school graduates. Today, more than 13 million teenagers report to public high school classes across the United States. The Scholastics Aptitude Tests (SAT) began in 1941. They were used as a screening device for college admission and originally as an Army intelligence test. The SATs are a major part of today's teenager's life. To get into a good college, you eed to do well on the SAT, considering 60% of today' s jobs require training beyond high school compared to just 20% in the 1940s. Today's high school students take classes much different than the classes in the 1940s. They take classes such as English, Mathematics, Science (one Biology and one Physical Science), U. S. History, Civics, Economics, Physical Education, Health Education, and Elective, Art or Music or Vocational courses, Career and Technical Education, and a Foreign Language. At Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy (IMSA), an advanced high school, students take math classes such as Mathematics Investigation I to MI IV.They study in-depth mathematics , and some students even work into the Calculus series of mathematics. IMSA has numerous classrooms, an auditorium, and a swimming pool. In the 1940s, St. Michaels High School had a dark room, a gymnasium, a swimming pool, horses (for horse back riding lessons), and a bowling alley. At St. Michaels, on the first floor, there was the gymnasium and the music room, on the second floor the cafeteria, and on the third floor, the library and the chemistry labs. This school is much like today’s high school except the horses. After school, in the 1940s, a teenager might go home, change clothes, and go to work.If your family was poor, you would work very hard after school or you did not even go to school, but worked all day, and all of your earnings would go to your family. There were not a lot of high-paying jobs available in Chicago during the 1940s. Bill Flanagan, a teenage boy during the 1940s, claims â€Å"My first official job, I got when I was 14. I was a bus boy at the restau rant on the South Side. I got $0. 25 an hour. Good money. I got $5 a week. Of course, you could take a girl out on a date for $5. Believe me, $5 was a lot of money. † Eva Kelley, a teenager in the 1940s, was a YMCA locker room attendant for $0. 6 an hour. Yvett Moloney, a young teenager during the late 940s, had a rare job working in a mail order house for $3. 50 a day, and she worked at a telephone company. Other jobs did in the 1940s include working at the YMCA and teaching swimming, working at a pizza place, and working at a warehouse. Anna Tyler, an African-American teenager during the 1940s, worked at the men's club as a waitress, the office university club, Wiebolt's as a clerk, and an elevator operator. Jerry Warshaw, a teenager in the 1940s, had numerous jobs: delivery boy at the fish market, a soda jerk, at the TreasuryDepartment, and the post office. His most memorable job was an usher captain. He had 17 men under him and got paid $0. 45 an hour. Today we still have ushers, only they work in performance theaters and at sporting venues. Many teens today work at fast food restaurants and stores such as Jewel Osco and Walgreens. Today, most restaurants and grocery stores let teenagers work there as long as they are 16 or older. Many high school students today volunteer as well as have a job because service hours are required to graduate from high school. Because of World War II, there was rationing and victory gardens on the home front.There were scrap drives, war bond drives, and every sort of stamp for food or shoes. â€Å"The average gasoline ration was three gallons a week; the yearly butter ration twelve pounds per person, 26 percent less than normal; the yearly limit for canned goods thirty-three pounds, thirteen pounds under usual consumption levels; and people could buy only three new pairs of shoes a year†, according to historian Michael Uschan. Compare that to today. Today you can buy almost anything. â€Å"When traditionalists t alk about the Family, they mean an employed Father, a stay at home mother, and two school-aged children.This profile only fits 5% of United States families today,† according to historian Letty Pogrebin. During the 1940s, teenagers and there parents were usually very close. Some parents who supported the war effort left there teenagers unattended. This caused â€Å"renewed social alarm about juvenile delinquency. To answer the crisis, social guidance films shown in the classroom presented scenarios meant to shape teen behavior into more acceptable forms†, according to a history of American education. From Zoot suits to baggy pants; from sewing classes to biology; from radios to television, a teenager’s life in the 1940s is very different from today. From Susan Ansell â€Å"High School. Education Week: High School Reform†edweek. org/context/topics;/ issuespage cfm? id+cfm? id+15>, (Oct. 4, 2004); Stephen Feinstein â€Å"Decades of the 20th Century: the 1940 s, from World War II to Jackie Robinson, Chicago Historical Society, â€Å"Teen Chicago†; Eva Kelley interview, no date. (www. teenchicago. com); Yvett Mohony interview, (Nov 23, 2002); (www. teenchicago. com), Student Historian’s interview with Meghan Murphy, (Oct. 2, 2004); High School,‘‘ECS IssueSite: High School†, ecs. org/html/issue. asp? issueID=108 (Sept. 5, 2004); High School Curriculum Introduction, www. u46. k12. il. us/high_school_curriculum_introdu. html> (Oct. 10, 2004); Sara Mondale and Sara B. Patton, School: The Story of American Public Education; Letty C. Pogrebin, Family politics, Love and Power on an Intimate Frontier; Sammy Skobel interview Nov. 22, 2003. (www. teenchicago. com); Tom Snyder, â€Å"Educational Attainment: Literacy From 1870 to 1979†, www. nces. ed. gov/naal/historicaldata/edattain. asap (Oct. 4, 2004); Michael V. Uschan; A Cultural History of the United States: Through the Decades the 1940s. ]

Courage (To Kill A Mockingbird) Essay

The dictionary definition for courage is- Courage is the quality of mind that enables one to face danger or difficulty with confidence, resolution, and gain a firm control of oneself. Many of the characters in To Kill a Mockingbird show courage in their own way. Courage can come in many different forms: physical, mental, emotional and moral. Atticus shows courage throughout the novel while he stands up for what he believes is right even though he knows the majority of people disagree with his views. Atticus sees differently because he went to university and he got an education where he learnt about values and equality whereas the people of Maycomb who do not have the same education are basing their decision on what their family taught them and being from the south they have been taught to discriminate against which is why they treat Tom Robinson so unfairly. Atticus is also forced to shoot the mad dog (106-107) which is against his moral standards but he knew he had to kill it, not only to protect the people of Maycomb, he also had to put the dog out of its misery which took a lot of his strength and courage. Mrs Dubose shows courage and determination when she recognises that she has a flaw and that she has to fix it. She is addicted to Morphine and makes a goal to die free of her weakness. She goes through a time of withdrawal that is difficult to survive. She finishes her goal before she dies. She enlists Jem to read to her every Saturday as a way of distracting herself. It still takes a great amount of self-confidence to be able to recognise that one has a flaw and even more to do something about it. Scout shows a large amount of courage in the scene where Atticus goes down to the jailhouse in an attempt to try and protect Tom Robinson. After he arrives at the jail, a group of men appear in the jail with the intention of killing Robinson. Atticus is prepared to defend him, but he is thrown off guard when his children enter the situation. This makes Atticus nervous that his children are in danger. That was when Scout stepped up to the men and talked them down from attacking Tom and Atticus. Another example of courage is when Scout rolls the tire into the Radley yard. She is terrified when she realises where she is and her immediate reaction is to run straight back to the street. When she gets back Jem tells her to go back and get the tyre but Jem ends up doing it anyway. When Jem returns he accuses Scout of being a sissy girl. What he doesn’t know because Scout decided not to tell him is that Scout heard laughter from inside the house. That is why she ran out so fast, forgetting the tyre. But she chose not to explain this to them.

Data Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Data Project - Essay Example The Figure 2 shows the outliers of the mean is 180390 as it falls away from the normal curve as shown in Figure one; this is determined by 1.5*IQR on the whisker plot. The mean annual salary in the US is $97486. Table 1 shows that the arithmetic mean of annual wage is $97486 with a sample population size N =61, the measure of dispersion of the data SD = 23362; the variation indicates the dispersion figure from the mean. The Range = 123270 shows the difference in salaries scales between the maximum or the highest earning manager and the minimum or the lowest earning manager. The Skewness = 1.04 shows that the data is skewed to the right with Leptokurtic distribution as Kurtosis = 3.75, this shows that the values are concentrated to the mean. Table 2 shows the minimum wage of 57120 and a max of 180390, the values shows a measure of viability of IQR = 26270 and a range of 123270. The measure of central tendency is well measured using median = 99660. I preferred the use of 5-number summary because it gives me an easier way to visualize the central tendency of the data. The US salaries in top senior management of C-Level and top managers has a great variation between the lowest paid and the highest paid. The Average wage is 97 $97000 with most managers earning approximately the same figure with measure of central tendency indicating the same. There is a outliers earnings that are way above the normal earnings. The statistical package Minitab made me learn how to manipulate the data more easily with more capabilities of giving us more accurate answers, clear graphs and

Pragmatism - Journal Entries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Pragmatism - Journal Entries - Essay Example Write down all of your beliefs – theological, religious, moral, political, economic, social, sexual, personal lifestyle – and then separate them into those inherited and those chosen in response to your actual experience and the experience of others". Dutifully, I performed the self-examination exercise and had identified five beliefs which I would like to dissect and scrutinize. These beliefs fall under five of the categories mentioned by McDermott, namely: religious, moral, economic, sexual and personal lifestyle. I chose these beliefs because they have more impact on my personality and on my decision-making processes. On top of my list and the most influential on my personality and perspectives is my religious belief. I am a Muslim. I was born a Muslim. And I will die a Muslim. I inherited the faith from my parents for which I am very thankful for. Secondly, I live by my moral principle of truthfulness. Although honesty is taught and learned at home, I am convinced that this is adopted and practiced as a matter of choice. We’ve learned from experience that speaking the truth earns the good favor of our family and friends. In contract, speaking lies will get us into trouble. Thirdly, I subscribe to the economic system of capitalism. I am a capitalist in mind and heart. I have lived on the rewards of capitalism and have read about the darkness and monotony of communism. Based on my own experiences and the experience of the people in communist, fascist or socialist countries, I chose and will always choose to be a capitalist. Fourthly, my sexual orientation is â€Å"straight†. I believe that every adult person is a reflection of his infant-self, albeit, most of us could hardly find similar traits between the innocent and fresh newborn and the life-veteran adults that we are. Be that as it may, I believe that our sexual orientation is defined from the day that we are born. Hence, my attraction to the opposite sex is an inherited

The aviation sector plays a key role in the tourism industry. In the Essay

The aviation sector plays a key role in the tourism industry. In the light of low cost carriers they have opened up many new to - Essay Example Conclusion 7 References 7 Appendix 9 1. Introduction Airline carriers have a key role in the development of tourism worldwide; their contribution to the development of destinations is related primarily to the increase of profits of local businesses; however, the development of a place as a cultural destination could be also achieved through the airline carriers – without which the visiting of the above place would be extremely difficult. Indeed, airline carriers have offered the chance to travellers to be informed on the existence of places, which are distinctive in terms of their commercial or cultural tradition. In practice, it has been proved that airline carriers are also benefited by destinations; these benefits can be either direct, i.e. increase of profits, or indirect, i.e. increase of popularity/ awareness of brand name. In other words, a two-way relationship seems to exist between the airline carriers and the tourism industry (as a key part of the economy of destinat ions); however, in certain cases, the terms of their cooperation are not clear or equal. The power of airline carriers to choose their destination has led to the development of an unfair competition among destinations; this problem has been effectively faced through the low cost airlines, even if these carriers also can harm destinations – mostly through their practice to ask for low airport fares, in the context described below. 2. Airline carriers and new destinations 2.1 Airline carriers – role in the success or failure of tourist destinations Airline carriers offer the chance to their customers to visit destinations that may not be quite known to the public, i.e. destinations which are not developed as tourism destinations. From this point of view, airline carriers can contribute to the growth of a place as a tourism destination, a fact that would also lead to the gradual increase of the number of passengers of local airports. Particular emphasis should be given on low cost carriers which can significantly affect the development of tourism destinations, a fact highlighted in the study of Fageda et al. (2009); after analysing a series of Spanish routes, the above researchers came to the conclusion that ‘low-cost carriers have a moderate but still significant effect on prices and increase alternatives even in low-density routes’ (Fageda et al. 2009, p. 36). Moreover, in accordance with an article published in the Wall Street Journal (2010), the development of low cost carriers can increase the number of passengers, a fact that would lead to the increase of profits in destinations; in the above article, reference is made to the case of India and the significant increase in the number of passengers since the entrance in the market of the low cost airline carriers – it is noted that due to these carriers ‘the number of annual fliers was doubled, reaching the 44.5 million in 2009 from 22.3 million in 2005’ (The Wall Street Journal 2010). It should be also noted that low cost carriers help to resolve the following problem: there are routes and destinations which are abandoned by large carriers, as being considered non-profitable, as the level of profit is set in large carriers; through the low cost carriers, passengers are given the chance to have access to these destinations, in a low fare (Business Traveller 2009). If such chance would not be given by low cost carriers,

Huckleberry Finn or Uncle Tom Cabin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Huckleberry Finn or Uncle Tom Cabin - Essay Example ano)-to a slave trader. Although Emily Shelby despises such an idea as she had assured her maid that her child, in no way , would be sold; Emily's son, George Shelly (Thomas Fritsch), detests to see Tom leaving as he finds him as his great friend and guide. Eliza , on the first impression, appears to be a very weak woman.Eavesdropping on Mr. and Mrs. Shelby she comes to know aabout their plans to sell Tom and Harry, when she resolves to flee with her son. From the film it appears that Eliza's decision comes not from her courage or confidence not to bow down to injustice, but by her fear of losing her onlyliving child (she already lost two children owing to miscarriage). Next we see her leaving the house of Arthur and Eliza Emily Shelby that night, leaving a letter admitting guilt to her mistress. But why should she The answer is to be found in the novel which the film follows strictly. In the novel Stowe portrayed like Eliza, as an as the "ideal Christian"(Athena, 1995). Later critics have observed that Stowe's female characters are often " domestic cliches", weak rather than strong and realistic women(Lowance et al, 1994). Stowe's puritinical values show up in the novels final, overriding subject matter -- the search of the nature of Christinaity and how Christianity goes aginst slavery that also overshadows the film , the theme being most evident when we see Tom insisting St. Clare(O.W. Fisher) to "look away to Jesus" after the death of St. Clare's dearest daughter little Eva ( the white young girl whoTom saves fron drowing down Mississipi river while he is sold and placed on a boat sailing down the and with whom he befriends a young white girl. Augustine St.Clare, the grateful father of Eva, in return, Eva's father, buys Tom from the slave trader and takes him with the family to their home in New Orleans while Tom and Eva starts to come closer owing to the the deep Christian faith they both share). After Tom's death , waxing lyrical about Tom George Shelby, says, "What a thing it is to be a Christian.". Christianity as theme dominating over the novel makes the film appear like a lecture where women are always to be depicited as submissive and yeilding, carinng only to motherhood. Those women who are depicted as Villainous here, are the typse that donot conform to Christianity. For example, the wife of St.Clare (Eleonara Rossi-Drago). After St. Clare is gravely stabbed while trying to stop a fight intervening in a fight Mrs St.Clare breaks her late husband's promise and sells Tom at mart to a brutal plantation owner named Simon Legree( Herbert Lom).Legree , not an indigenous southerner but a relocated Yankee. This very act of Mrs St.Clare suggests that the film has the message that women , if not belonging to the meek, religious values teaching submissio can become ruthlessly cruel to counteract their male partners, in this case the good and sincere St.Clare. We also see

The Role of the Police in Society Research Paper

The Role of the Police in Society - Research Paper Example is such that it undertakes all these tasks and many more so that the people at large are not unduly made to suffer and be on the receiving end at any moment in time (Garland, 2011). Proper understanding of the role of the police has made the people of America know that it exists to satisfy their concerns and to make sure that the relevant authorities are doing their jobs in a proper and adequate way. What is even more important is the fact that the role of the police has been expounded upon by these very authorities on a consistent basis so that the people know beforehand what to expect of them, and how these shall provide value for the sake of the community members. This discussion will now focus on the different styles of policing which are in use. These include the three different styles, namely the watchman, the legalistic and the service perspectives. Since the work of the police is broad in the basic sense of the word, and they have limited resources available at their disposal , the role of the police administrators and authorities are geared to develop certain policies which are there to prioritize and emphasize upon these activities and tasks in essence. The watchman style of policing focuses upon the maintenance of order which is found in different communities which have a declining industrial basis as well as a blue-collar and mixed population based on ethnicity and race (Mackenzie, 2011). This watchman form of policing is less proactive than the other two styles where one can see that certain offenses are overlooked when it comes to a mix of legal, cultural and social grounds. This is so done so as to make sure that the public order element is under wraps and that there are no predicaments in the light of the same. The charges of discrimination are a direct... This paper approves that the values of a community might just get affected by the style and role of policing for the sake of that community. This is because if a community is looking forward to receiving a service form of policing, then the service style is suited for its own needs. However if there are a large number of arrests due to law and order issues, then the aspect of legalistic policing might just do the trick. This is important to ascertain what kind of policing would in essence play the bridge between the people and the police authorities at the end of the day. Once such understandings are reached upon, then only can one devise the ways and means through which policing can be studied and its different styles are implemented and executed in the most literal sense. It is also possible that all three styles of policing – watchman, legalistic and service are being used in combination with one another. Police works to good effect to service the people against the intrude rs entering into the community. This report makes a conclusion that the role of policing is such that it brings wellness and serenity within the society. In order to be termed as a success within the community domains, it is imperative to think of policing in the light that it should be serviced for the sake of the people at large. All said and done, policing is any society of the world is indeed one of the most important elements and should be given due priority as it sets things right no matter how tough the circumstances are.

The Sale of Human Organs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Sale of Human Organs - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that Legalisation of the sale of human organs may seem absurd and weird to some people based on their own different ideologies. However, to some people, it seems very find and they find no problem with it. This is what has therefore brought a huge controversy on the issue of selling human organs. Satz states that arguments have been raised so far to justify the two sides but it is not clear what stand should prevail. What can be traced from history is that all people find the donation of human organs to be something divine but on the contrary, find the sale of human organs to be a sinful act. In regards to this controversy, there are, however, plenty of arguments to justify the sale of human organs. These arguments, by all means, try to reveal the need and advantage of permitting people to make the sale of their organs in open markets without any questioning or any restriction of any kind at all. As much as most countries may hold their law s on the illegality of selling human organs, the laws have no power at all given the fact that people have the free will to make a sale on their sperms and reproductive eggs. Sperms and reproductive female eggs are parts of a human body too and people are allowed to sell them. Hughes argues that there must be no reason to forbid people from selling other organs of their body like liver and kidney. After all, for any human being to decide to sell their organs, it must be out of their own free will and consent.

Valentines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Valentines - Essay Example She expected more appreciation than a disappointment from her best friend. Nelly said that being athletic make her stronger. She says that it is her choice to be a sportswoman, and she expects her lover to motivate and not to disappoint (London, 2015). Nelly says that she was astonished by her date to offer a gift suggesting she cut on her weight (London, 2015). Nelly said that that a membership card to a Slimming club was the least she expected on a Valentine date. She always imagined that her friend likes and support her involvement in sports; however, she was disgusted. It is out of this anger and lack of respect that she decided to end their relationship (London, 2015). Katie Ford a 33 years old business woman had a worst experience on a Valentines Day (London, 2015). Ford like many other ladies knew that she was to have a romantic time for many years after she broke up with her boyfriend at the age of 26 years. For the years she had Valentine date, Ford had appreciated the company of her date, but not this time. As usual she waited patiently for her date to pick her and drive to town. Her date came on time, and they headed for the party. However, this time she experienced a traumatic encounter after she and her date had to part ways. That evening they went to buy drinks, but they changed the plan and stayed in the restaurant. Her date started drinking, and they talked of a better future. She was promised so many things and could not afford to resist him. Ford though hesitant agreed to let him have a chance. Their romantic time did not last long as they Fords date got too drunk. He started fighting with strangers and police were called to calm him down. When police arrived, they arrested Ford’s lover even after she begged for his release. The police had no other choice but to arrest the unruly man and booked him overnight. Ford was so disappointed in his friend behaviour and

Trends in Music Supervision for film industry Essay Example for Free

Trends in Music Supervision for film industry Essay Music can be defined as a rare combination of sounds that are able to project specific rhythms and melodies, which have the power to convey a message that words cannot express (Fleser, 2000). Music has the unique power to bring out the true emotions of people and touch their souls. Being such a powerful aspect of human nature and life, people involved in the profession of music have always tried to present it in the best possible manner that will be soothing to every soul who listens to it, as the saying goes that â€Å"Music is food for the soul. † Music is now one of the largest industries of the world which embraces with itself millions of individuals who work in this field. The growing success of the music industry has made people think that making a reputation in this industry just a piece of cake, but indeed making music is the toughest job for an individual. Music has always had the power to influence its listeners, that is why music is now widely used in almost every cultural and performing arts activities. The global film industry also happens to be one of these branches of the performing arts which have made great use of music not only for its promotion but also as a medium in which music can always be utilized to convey the story to the audience in a much more effective manner. Film as a medium is a great platform for conveying different stories and messages to its audiences and when it is incorporated with music than the goal to convey the message becomes much easier. Film music is now considered to be a necessity without which the success of any film can be put into doubts. Body Film music was probably introduced as a means to cover the sounds of projectors which presented the films in the late 1800s and early 1900’s (Passman, 2006). But the question that rises over here is that what allowed the film music to survive? The simple answer is that film music made it easier to convey the message in a much realistic form. Therefore the true introduction of music in the films came from the reason of covering clanking sounds of projectors. Before the addition of color into motion picture music was also a definite part of black and white movies. Even you take a look at movies not just from the West but also from the East than you will notice that music had great influence in movies on both sides of the globe. Introduction of music in films was indeed considered as an innovation, one which later had progressed into vast fields of soundtracks and background scores. In the late 1900’s the cinema industry was going through a crisis as he number of theatres had increased tremendously but the producers found themselves to be short of films. At first music was introduced in the films through a live orchestra or piano that played along the projection of the film but later on in the 1900s theatre goers were introduced to a new technique which included a much more classified form of music through which competent musicians performed along with the orchestra. The regular trend of music accompanying the films was introduced much later and before that the owners of different theaters tried to make the sound of the cinema somewhat close to live theaters. At that time all film projections were accompanied by human voice that is to say that dialogues were spoken live and music was also included as a live orchestra. To omit this non-satisfactory and at times irritating mechanism of sound from the films a lot of experimentations were carried out by converting the sound on disc and synchronizing it. A lot of experiments were carried out in this regard so that a better sound can be achieved. After a lot of failures the experiment proved to be a successful one through Camera phone. The camera phone was a device which merged the sound and pictures at an inexpensive cost which made it easy to be distributed amongst the theater owners. It would right to say that the camera phone was the breakthrough in the field of merging music and sound with motion picture. The camera phone paved way for a lot of other devices which resulted because of various experiments based on the camera phone itself. These experimentations included the phonoscope, picture phone, etc. But all these experimentations were mainly focused on producing a synchronized form of the human sound that before was spoken live in the theater so as such these innovations were not a major breakthrough but they definitely provided the room for improvement and further experimentation. Later a campaign was introduced by producers through which the synchronized disc system was considered outdated and producers encouraged the theater owners to actually include the titles within the film only which sort of decreased the work assigned to the narrator. This step can be witnessed as a gradual change for omitting live narrations completely from the film. Music became an important part of the films when the audience had started demanding music in between inter-titles or other parts of the movie. This led the theater owners to play separate discs which contained music at the time of the presentation of the titles. At that time Vita-phone was also introduced which was an advanced form for the synchronized disc systems but it proved a little more successful because it lead to an innovating idea to project sound within the theater. In the late 1926 the vita-phone was used in a meaning full manner by placing one speaker behind the other, one in the narrative podium and another where the orchestra played. The films produced with Vita-phone at that time led many renowned production companies including Warner’s to give a further thought to disc synchronization and the importance that it holds for the progress of the theater sound and music industry. They even found the vita-phone appropriate to serve as speakers for public addresses. The Vita-phone was a source for the main entry of music into films. Its first use included a major portion of incorporating music in films. Vita-phone also proved to be a source for amplifying whatever sound is passed through it. But like every invention its use also had to come to an end with other inventions. Music in films was deeply felt by the audiences for the first time in a movie called the e Jazz Singer which was introduced in October 1927. The reason for this reaction of the audience was simply the fact that a new kind of sound was presented in front of them, one which was completely different especially from the projected sounds and one which provided them with a refreshing change of sound. In many scenes of some movies the producers tried to develop a relationship between the actors who perform and the amplification system. By 1929 a lot of changes had been improvised in the style of filmmaking especially in the sound and music department. These changes were brought forth by revising a lot of configurations of the loudspeaker. The 1926 music in films found the orchestra to be the only and the main source through which the audience were entertained with some kind of music within the film. But after this a gradual diversion of the film music towards the screen was witnessed. This means that the speakers were placed exactly behind the screen so that it appeared to be completely well coordinated with the scenes it was to play along with. This idea was used by Hollywood a lot in its beginning days. If looked at closely than it might seem to be a completely illogical idea but this technique was brought into practice so that the real source of sound can be hidden and brought along with the attributes of whatever is being played on the screen. The technique of placing the speakers behind the image on the screen was also appreciated as a move to create identification between the sound or music and the picture. But this proved to be a difficult task for technicians. The technicians had to more mobile compared to as before placing the speaker carefully so that perfect correspondence between the sound and picture would be visible to the audience. The year 1933 brought with it the major breakthrough in the American Industry in terms of sound system. The Bell Labs had experimented with the sound stereo and in 1940 a major electronic company demonstrated a four-track-stereo system. This stereo system was adopted by cinema owners in the early 1950’s. The stereo was expected to fulfill the tasks of both the technicians as well as what a sound system should fulfill. That is to say it completely leveled the needs of accuracy and of providing well coordinated sound to the audience. But the surround sound also held its disadvantage. The surround sound system could be used to reinforce only specific visual effects. And it was difficult to coordinate the picture with 3 directional speakers. For this sole reason the major production companies of Hollywood including WarnerBros, Columbia Pictures and even M-G-M. \ If we look at the last forty years than we can witness a lot of progress in terms of stereo system in the movie department. This has only enhanced the performance and importance of music in Movies. But today’s position in movie sounds could never had been reached if Dolby had not introduced its optical stereo in the late 1970’s, which had an outstanding and improved nature in terms of noise reduction. The Dolby speakers were pretty popular. Most production companies tried to use these speakers especially after the success of the super hit fiction Star Wars. Conclusion For the past 40 years we have witnessed a lot of innovations in terms of sounds and music in the film m industry. At first different orchestras were brought into sing for the films but over the gradual period of time we have observed that the pop and rock culture of different individual music industries has paved a way for itself into this field. We now see artists from different music genres and industries singing for movies and their soundtracks. The quality of music has improved and is still improving. This is due to the digital age that we have entered in. But in today’s competitive world the movies demand a lot from the soundtracks. What we can expect in future is a global competition between different industries and what would really set everyone apart is not only their creativity but also their ability to market and promote themselves. No doubt music has contributed immensely in this field and will continue to do so if music composers keep on coming up with heart felt and innovative tunes for each generation especially the generation next. References Book Fleser, J. (2000). The Chord Wheel. UK. JSK Passman, D. S. (2006). All You Need To Know About Music Business. USA.