Essay --

Awaking on Friday morning, 20 June 1913, the South Afri throne Native found himself, not actually a slave, but a pariah in the land of his birth (Gish 18). Desmond tutu is one of the greatest rabble-rousers for peace that there ever was. He maintains huge political and religious influences even to this day. Most throng in South Africa and some more countries hear his voice. His impact on fixing the apartheid agreement in South Africa was a major one. This apartheid system was genuinely segregated towards whites and blacks in South Africa. Blacks were beingness forced to move to so-called homelands. The blacks had very little land to live with such many people. These people were being oppressed only because they had a different skin color then white people. Despite growing up in the poverty of South Arica, Desmond tutu used his religious and political influences to table service black South Africans that were being segregated by the government of South Africa.Born is Klerksdor p, Transvaal, South Africa, Desmond Tutu was innate(p) under the name Desmond Mpilo Tutu. He attended multiple schools throughout his life, including Johannesburg Bantu High School. Tutus father was a schoolteacher while his pose was a domestic worker. Nowadays, Tutu rarely discusses his ethnic roots. While Tutu was in his early years, the government passed the Natives Land Act. Less than eight percent of the domain was dedicated as reserves for blacks. The black peoples only had this land to live off of. On top of this, Desmond caught polio as a young kid. polio is a very deadly disease, so hid life hung by a thread. Luckily, he survived but with long-lasting effects. To this day, his hands still shake due to having polio as a kid. Life was actually quite full. It was funal... ... and degrees in his lifetime, and the Nobel Peace Prize was one of them. This among many other medals shows his influence on the world.Desmond Tutu grew up in the poverty communities of South Africa. He overcame this to become on of the most influential man through both religion and politics. He can make his voice louder than many others, and he can voice his opinions throughout the world. He holds a major role in the religious community, having been archbishop in many places. Many strong and powerful government officials believe what Tutu has to say, and they voice his opinion through politics. Desmond Tutu is still alive today. He still strives to help the world become a better place. He was a major key in fixing the South African apartheid system. Maybe even without him, that system would still be present today. Desmond Tutu is a very influential and great man.

The 1962 Salem Conspiracy Essay -- essays research papers

During the year of 1692, the small town of capital of Oregon seems to have been in a state of panic and confusion. The book Witchcraft at Salem, by Chadwick Hansen, is about the witchcraft conspiracies the town has experienced. Hansen goes on to explore the truthfulness of the "possessed" young girls. The reason why Hansen wrote the book is to try to set directly the record of the witchcraft phenomena at Salem, Massachusetts, in the year 1692, about which much has been written and much misunderstood. Hansen has a in truth respectable education. He graduated and obtained a Bachelors degree from the much respected Yale University. He went on to continue his education and obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota. Hansen has had many teaching jobs throughout his life. From 1955-60 Hansen was an assistant professor at atomic number 91 State University. From 1965-70 he was a Professor of English and American studies at the University of Minnesota. His most accomplished teaching job was when he was a professor and coach of American Civilization at the University of Iowa. To help with his teaching he was in many history groups. He was a member of the Modern Language Association, American Studies Association, and American Historical Association. Hansen has written numerous books including, The American Renaissance The History and Literature of an Era, and Modern Fiction Form and Idea in the Contemporary sweet and Short Story. Hansen has many qualifications to write a historical piece during the American Revolution time period.     In the summer of 1692, many strange and out of the median(a) events were taking place in Salem. Several young girls and young women began to have strange fits. They were eventually examined by doctors. "Dr. William Griggs examined Elizabeth Paris and Abigail Williams and came to the conclusion that the evil hand is upon them." With this analysis he was informing the patients that they were th e victims of witchcraft. Before the girls were examined many members of the Salem community came to the conclusion that witchcraft was the reason the girls were having the strange fits. Following this was a series of hearings and trials, which resulted in the remainder of 20 people. This was not an uncommon practice used during that time. Approximately nine hundred witches were burned in the single city of Bamberg, a... ...I believe it provided the reader with a better understanding of the different reasons the girls were acting in the nature they did.      Overall I enjoyed reading Witchcraft at Salem. Hansen brought new ideas while challenging the overage ones in a very enthusiastic manner. Many scholars have differing views on what happened at Salem. Some believe that girls were lying, while some believe that a sensual ailment was the cause. This book was great for a reader who wanted to find several opinions on what took place in Salem. If the reader want ed to know skillful the basic facts of the Salem Witch Trials then I would not recommend this book. Witchcraft at Salem requires a general knowledge of what happened during the witch trials because it goes very in depth. This book might be confusing to someone who slept in high school history or english and knows nothing of what happened at Salem during 1962.Erikson, Kai T. Were some of those witches real? The New York Times. 6 July 1969, BR5.Hansen, Chadwick. Witchcraft at Salem. New York George Braziller, 1969.Marion A. Knight, ed. Chadwick Hansen. Book Review Digest. New York The H. W. Wilson Company, 1927, 273.

Kohlbergs Moral Development Essay -- Psychology Psychological Lawrenc

Kohlbergs Moral DevelopmentLawrence Kohlberg was born in Bronxville, New York on October 25, 1927. He was born into a wealthy family and enjoyed all of the luxuries that the rich lifestyle had to offer including the finest college prep schools. However, Kohlberg was not too concerned with this lifestyle. Instead he became a sailor with the merchant marines. During ball War II, Kohlberg played an instrumental role in smuggling Jews through a British blockade in Palestine. It was during these times that Kohlberg origin began thinking slightly moral reasoning, a subject that would later make him famous. After this Kohlberg enrolled at the University of Chicago where he scored so high on admission test that he only had to take a limited number of courses to earn his bachelors degree. This he did in one year. Kohlberg remained at the University Chicago as a graduate student. In 1958, Kohlberg completed his Ph.D. which dealt with moral decision making and was based primarily on the earl ier work of Jean Piaget. The result was his doctoral dissertation, the first rendition of his new map theory. Later he served as an assistant professor at Yale University from 1959 to 1961, began teaching at the University of Chicago in 1963. He remained at Chicago until his 1967 appointment to the faculty of Harvard University, where he served as professor of education and social psychology until his death in 1987.Many of our inner standards take the construct of judgments as to what is right and what is wrong. They constitute the moral and ethical principles by which we guide our conduct. Lawrence Kohlberg refined, extended, and revised Piagets basic theory of the development of moral values. Like Piaget, Kohlberg focus on the moral judgements in children rather than their actions. The manner in which moral judgments develop has been studied extensively by Kohlberg, through the questioning of boys seven geezerhood old and up. Kohlberg presented his subjects with a number of hy pothetical situations involving moral question like the following. If a mans wife is dying for lack of an expensive drug that he cannot afford, should he steal the drug? If a patient who is fatally ill and in great pain begs for a mercy killing, should the physician go for? By analyzing the answers and particularly the reasoning by which his subjects reached their answers. Kohlberg determined th... ...g means that the stages are not just isolated responses but general patterns of thought that will consistently show up across many different kinds of issues. The third concept is Invariant Sequence. Kohlberg believed that his stages unfolded in an invariant sequence. Children go form stage 1 to stage 2 and so on with out skipping a stage. Concept four is Hierarchic Integration. When Kohlberg said that his stages were hierarchically integrated, he meant that people do not overleap the insights gained at earlier stages but integrate them into new, broader framework. Other studies con firm that moral development is sequential, moving from external to internal control. In other words, while young children behave in order to avoid punishment or receive approval from others, adults develop internal codes and regulate their own behavior even in the absence of external enforcement. However, criminologists have not found truly strong indications of the effect of moral development on criminal activity. Sociologists who compared the patterns of moral development amidst delinquents and no delinquents found some differences between the groups, but these differences were not conclusive.

Agrarian Discontent In The Late 1800s :: essays research papers

"Why the Farmers Were Wrong"The period between 1880 and 1900 was a boom time for American politics. The country was for once free of the threat of war, and some of its citizens were living comfortably. However, as these two decades went by, the American farmer found it harder and harder to live comfortably. Crops such as cotton and wheat, once the bulwark of agriculture, were selling at prices so low that it was nearly impossible for farmers to make a profit off them. Furthermore, improvement in transportation allowed foreign competition to materialize, making it harder for American farmers to stipulate of surplus crop. Finally, years of drought in the midwest and the downward spiral of business in the 1890s devastated umteen of the nations farmers. As a result of the agricultural depression, many farm groups, nigh notably the Populist Party, arose to fight what farmers saw as the reasons for the decline in agriculture. During the last twenty years of the nineteenth cent ury, many farmers in the United States saw monopolies and trusts, railroads, and money shortages and the demonetization of silver as threats to their way of life, though in many cases their complaints were not valid.The growth of the railroad was one of the most significant elements in American economic growth. However, in many ways, the railroads hurt small shippers and farmers. Extreme competition between rail companies necessitated some way to profits business. To do this, many railroads offered rebates and drawbacks to larger shippers who used their rails. However, this practice hurt smaller shippers, including farmers, for often times railroad companies would charge more to ship products short distances than they would for dour trips. The rail companies justified this practice by asserting that if they did not rebate, they would not make enough profit to stay in business. In his testimony to the Senate Cullom Committee, George W. Parker stated, "...the in operation(p) exp ense of this road...requires a certain volume of business to meet these fixed expenses....in some seasons of the year, the local business of the road...is not sufficient to make the earnings...when we make up a train of ten of fifteen cars of local freight...we can attach fifteen or twenty cars...of strictly through business. We can take the latter(prenominal) at a very low rate than go without it." Later, when asked the consequences of charging local traffic the same rate as through freight, Mr.

The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe Essay --

Typically, a carnival masquerade is celebrated as a joyous and social liberation from the masses of mundane daily activities, that in The Cask of Amontillado, by Edgar Allan Poe, the protagonist Montresor creates a different meaning to the festival for his so-called friend Fortunato. Edgar Allen Poe uses an inventive makeup style which sets up a situation in the beginning of the story. He intrigues the reader in the first line of the story, ...but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge (Poe Page 1). Poe uses this stylistic writing by providing subtle pieces of information and imagery to draw the reader in, anticipating the rest of what is to come of Montresors plan for revenge. In a seemingly harmless exchange of talking to between men, time begins to draw to an end for Fortunato whose naivety and trust in Montressor earns grim fate as some would believe to be his destiny. Montresor, through his pride, became an sore individual and had felt that Fortunato had caused him a t housand injuries (Poe 1). Overshadowed by his delirious thoughts, Montresors deep hatred for Fortunato can be perceived as no much than envy or jealousy. Fortunato, a very wealthy man, dabbled into hobbies, such as being an avid wine connoisseur. Along with that Fortunato is part of a broad(prenominal) society by being a member of masons. By that, Montresor felt Fortunatos status and ability to purchase anything he desired, specifically wine, degraded his take status , ultimately causing Montresor to become displeased, disrespected, and unloved. Therefore, forcing Montresor to believe that Fortunato needs to be repressed to protect himself from these insults. In this story, I will argue that through the employ of different types of irony, Montresor did not think of... ...akes Montresor the one preforming masonry while Fortunato is actually the one belonging to the Masons.Overall, the story The Cask of Amontillado, displays a cleverly set usage of ironies to describe Fortunatos death. As verbal, dramatic, and situational ironies were used, it can be said that not everyone may be who you think they are. Fortunato who thought Montresor was a dear friend, later betrayed his trust and in brief after killed him. Poe makes the story more interesting and comprehensive as it sets certain emotions within the audience to sympathize with Fortunato for desire of the Amontillado, and the complete trust in his friend. work CitedDelaney, Bill. Poes THE CASK OF AMONTILLADO. The Explicator 64.1 (2005) 33-5. ProQuest. Web. 21 Oct. 2013.Poe, Edgar Allan. The Cask of Amontillado. Literature A Portable Anthology. 14-18. Book. 21 Oct. 2013.

Pokémon :: Television Cartoons Essays

Pokmon Little Angels or Little Devils? My younger sisters argon victims of the Pokmon craze. On the weekends when I go home for a brief break from college life, Claire and Natalie are drawn to the television to catch the latest episode of Pokmon on Saturday morning. Catching a glimpse of the illuminated screen, I walk into the kitchen and sit down with them as they blindly spoon cereal into their mouths, not missing one millisecond of the cartoon. Watching them absorb the show makes me laugh and, when I do, they turn to me and tell me, except up Were trying to watch the show I give them a funny look and proceed to watch the show with them. I find out that I also am in love with the little yellow Pikachu and cant get enough of this darling cartoon serial. Our addiction to Pokmon is solely as benevolent as the individual Pokmon themselves.Pokmon started as the brainchild of Japanese creator Satoshi Tajiri, 34, who combined his two childhood passions monster movies and the study of insects to invent Pokmon in 1991 (Poka 2/3). There are over 155 Pokmon to learn about and collect. There are Pokmon trading cards, video games (several different versions), and a cartoon series on the Kids WB television network. The name Pokmon actually means pocket monsters (Holmes 1/2). Pikachu, the most popular Pokmon and my personal favorite, is an electric Pokmon with special besieges such as Thundershock and Lightningbolt. Other Pokmon and their attacks include Krabby, a water Pokmon, with a vise grip attack Tauros a normal type Pokmon with a tail whip attack and Squirtle, also a water type Pokmon, with a hydro pump attack (Walk 1/2).In the video game story there are cardinal main trainers that travel around to different islands to catch wild Pokmon that they train and become their own Ash, Brock, and Misty. Ash wants to become a Pokmon master which means that he must travel to all the Pokmon gyms, defeat the gym leaders Pokmon, and collect badges so that he can compete in t he Pokmon league and achieve his dream. In the video games, the person playing the game takes on the role of Ash and attempts to learn about all the different Pokmon as well as how and when to employment their corresponding attacks. As the different Pokmon become more experienced, they may evolve into a new and more powerful Pokmon that the trainer can battle with.

Pokémon :: Television Cartoons Essays

Pokmon Little Angels or Little Devils? My younger sisters atomic number 18 victims of the Pokmon craze. On the weekends when I go home for a brief break from college life, Claire and Natalie are drawn to the television to catch the latest episode of Pokmon on Saturday morning. Catching a glance of the illuminated screen, I walk into the kitchen and sit d hold with them as they blindly spoon cereal into their mouths, not missing one millisecond of the cartoon. Watching them quarter the show makes me laugh and, when I do, they turn to me and tell me, Shut up Were trying to watch the show I give them a odd look and proceed to watch the show with them. I find that I also am in love with the little yellow Pikachu and cant get enough of this darling cartoon series. Our addiction to Pokmon is just as benevolent as the individual Pokmon themselves.Pokmon started as the brainchild of Japanese creator Satoshi Tajiri, 34, who combine his two childhood passions monster movies and the study of insects to invent Pokmon in 1991 (Poka 2/3). There are over 155 Pokmon to learn or so and collect. There are Pokmon trading cards, video games (several different versions), and a cartoon series on the Kids WB television network. The name Pokmon actually means pocket monsters (Holmes 1/2). Pikachu, the close to popular Pokmon and my personal favorite, is an electric Pokmon with special attacks such as Thundershock and Lightningbolt. Other Pokmon and their attacks include Krabby, a water Pokmon, with a vise grip attack Tauros a normal type Pokmon with a tail whip attack and Squirtle, also a water type Pokmon, with a hydro pump attack (Walk 1/2).In the video game story there are three main trainers that travel around to different islands to catch wild Pokmon that they train and become their own Ash, Brock, and Misty. Ash wants to become a Pokmon master which means that he must travel to all the Pokmon gyms, defeat the gym leaders Pokmon, and collect badges so that he can compete i n the Pokmon league and achieve his dream. In the video games, the person playing the game takes on the role of Ash and attempts to learn about all the different Pokmon as well as how and when to use their corresponding attacks. As the different Pokmon become more experienced, they may evolve into a in the raw and more powerful Pokmon that the trainer can battle with.

Original Writing Coursework – My Typical Work Experience Day

My archetypical day of Work sense began on 30th June, 2008. I woke up on that morning at 7am, feeling nervous and excited at the same time. My room was quite messy when I got up. I got out of hump, tidied up my bed and room, and went for my early morning shower. The shower was relaxing and refreshing as I stood under it and gathered my thoughts. It was a cool, windy day. I like windy years at times It eases my nervousness and builds up excitement at long last it was the much awaited initiative day at school. Soon enough, I was dressed. I took time as I did not know what to wear since I wanted to make a good impression on my first day at work.I was not wearing my instill uniform (which I was used to wearing without thinking ). I needed to be originative Creativity first thing in the morning was not something I was used to After throwing a few shirts and trousers randomly on my bed, I at long last picked up a dark blue shirt with a pair of light blue trousers blue being my fav ourite and lucky colour and of line of credit socks which complimented my shoes. I think I looked reasonable not too formal, not too casual casual smart as the saying goes I had food grain and waited anxiously for the bus.I became too anxious as I gave worried glances at the clock. The bus normally comes to pick me up at 750am. When 750am came and went, I panicked. I thought the bus wouldnt come. I did not wish to be late on my first day for work experience It neer gives a good impression, I had heard somewhere It was a relief when at 810am the bus indeed came to pick me up. The journey from my home to school was calm and pleasant. The bus went through the busy and crowded Northern Approach motorway into the greenery, peaceful and lovely Victoria Park filled with trees, lakes and small cafes and benches.As I was going to school, I have been thinking about what it would feel to have a real job once my education was complete. I on the spur of the moment thought about the future. I did not know what job I will have in the future moreover I know what I will be working on either in the Science industry or in the ICT industry. I had excessively, partly, been thinking what to do during the Summer Holidays, as it was nameting nearer by the hour and in what way I could make use of this time which may be useful in my future career. I finally reached my workplace, which incidentally, was my own school.The school, where I was working, was called Oaklands and it was an international secondary school with many international students and faculty. Oaklands is situated in Old Bethnal Green Road in Bethnal Green. As there are two buildings in the school, there was a long, green and white bridge which connected these buildings. One building is an old virtuoso and the other, recently built. It was very colourful and clean inside the building many international flags were put up to make the students feel at ease in school. There were about 600 students and about 60 or 70 s taff in the school that was supposed to be my work place for a week.The answer area is usually quiet as there are not many people coming to reception everyday. Angelas office is situated at the top of the main reception beside the waiting area. I reached my office and saw my supervisor, Angela. The office was quite disorganised as there were post-it notes, pictures and files all over the place. The room was as small as a pigeon hole it could only fit two or three people. It gets crowded when more than three people come in. It was common cold inside as there was an Air Conditioner on.Normally I would come to school as a student by 845am but I reached my workplace quite later than usual, at around 930am, as a member of staff at Oaklands School. Angela normally comes around 10am 1030am, but she came early at around 930am on that day to help me settle on the first day of work. We signed the work experience require which was kept in my Work Experience record book. I had to bring the book every single day to work. Apart from signing the Work Experience contract, I had to fill in pages of records which were about how your first day went and how your other days went and what you had to do during the week.After the initial paperwork, I began my first day at work. Most of the time during Work Experience, I had to work on a computer to work on the schools newsletter, the Oak, updating and editing as I went along. use Microsoft Publisher and Word, I started to add some pictures and notes on to the schools newsletter. Staff came by and went to check on Angela and me. Staff also checked on my progress with the newsletter, complimented my work and told me to keep going, which was encouraging. I was asked to take pictures and take small interviews about the new Year 7s joining Oaklands.When I was asked, I was frozen as ice. At home, I tried my hand on cameras and often ended up taking fuzzy pictures. Being asked to take photographs at work was a totally diametric ball g ame and I never really expected that. I declined the project because I felt that I needed more practice on taking photographs. My hands moved constantly and that is certainly not a good sign for a professional photographer I wondered whether my declining would adversely be active the impression of my supervisor about my confidence level in trying or attempting something of a challenge.But then I thought that I would kinda say yes to something that I felt comfortable in doing, especially on my first day at work. Angela had to label the envelopes for the letters she was going to send. I helped her labelling the envelopes which took a sequence (it took roughly about an hour to complete it) but I managed to finish it on time. I then had to go to the staff office to get the envelopes franked with First-Class postage. Later, I helped Angela out with cutting our school years pictures and sticking them for the staff that needed them.There were about 120 students in our year. That also to ok a while to complete. The morning was almost over. It taught me already that tasks needed to be prioritised, tasks needed to be completed on time and with concentration. There was no time to be vitiated or for fooling around. It was a professional atmosphere and one needed to be professional. Finally, I had my eat at school. Usually I have lunch at home since I do fractional-day schools but by the time I finished the day, I was so hungry, I decided to have a big lunch that would fill my appetite.I could smell all the good food being cooked in the kitchen. I was feeling that I was getting distrait and perhaps it was a good idea to take a break or call it a day since I was supposed to do half days at work anyway. The food looked colourful and matched my instant imagination The cafeteria was crowded because many students and staff (not just me), were starving. It was funny to think of myself as staff I noticed that there had been changes in the cafeteria since the last time I was there.Near the windows, there are high seats and tables around the room thereby adding more seats. There is now a tray clearer in the cafeteria where we can put our finished lunches. I looked at the place and it all seemed different than usual possibly it was because I was there not as a student but as an employee for the week. On my journey back home that day, I was immersed in thoughts I always wondered how professionals have worked on their first day of their career whether in the corporate dry land, legal world, medical world, creative world or in the world of academia.I wondered how, after education and training, when a person finally becomes a professional, how does he or she feel on their first assignment or first piece of work or first day at work. When I look back at my Work Experience and think about these professionals, I can somewhat get a glimpse of the level of excitement and anticipation they must feel on their first day I also think that one can only excel and do well in any field provided one is interested to learn and is dedicated to look for the subjects that are close to ones heart. For me a journey had started. I had a long way to go.

Charging Sales Tax on Internet Purchases

Charging Sales Tax on Internet Purchases Internet purchases should not take up sales tax because internet shopping is supposed to be convenient for the consumer. After doing some research online I came to an article called the Incidental Economist. After translation I too had to agree that your average home eBay seller and other individual small business whose profit is less than 10,000 dollars a year should not have to do the states job of pursuing a sales tax.Was not the sales tax already paid when the Reseller offset bought the product? I olfactory modality it should be his or her own profit if they are selling things that once belonged to them or in order for the seller to acquire the product in the first place it had to be bought. I feel that this is another way for the state to capitalize on a double taxing loophole. On the other hand, on that point is a down-side to this. With technology evolving, more consumers are turning to the internet for the ease of shopping, bill paying, and other amenities.Imposing a sales tax could improve the economy of a state by using the money from the tax to mend roads, fund schools, and implement programs in the community. The state should be responsible for making sure that sales tax is enforced not the small business seller. The state should have some program that monitors transactions on the web to enforce such a law that would make paying sales tax hard to avoid. I also feel that this sales tax should be imposed on rotund retailers only.Your average homeowner who wants to get rid of a few things by selling them online should not be responsible for charging sales tax. To me this is very similar to charging sales tax at a yard sale it just is not going to happen. Works Cited Stim, Richard. Sales Tax on the Internet Free effectual Information Nolo. 2010. 2010 . The Incidental Economist. The Amazon Law Sales Tax on Internet Purchases. October 2009. October 2010 .

Postgraduate education

Electronics & confabulation Eng as my major for it offered me innumerable choices of specialization. During these 4 years I learnt Subjects like-Electronics Devices & Circuits,Pulse & digital Circuits,programming in C, Digital Integrated Circuits,Digital Communication Theory,Veils Design,Computer Communication Networks and Digital Signal Processing. These subjects aroused my research instincts when I realized I am really excited about the prospects of me being a part of such researches. question Background I always had a Liking for the books from a very young age, perhaps this made meInquisitive about everything I came across yearning to know Its Intricacies. This later helped me immensely when I started representing my school team regularly at inter- school science festivals. My first brush with serious research was in final year of my undergraduate course when I successfully completed a project titled Design and implementation of ARQ Protocols in Data Communication at Communica tion division,Electronics & Radar Development Establishment (L. R. D. Elders Research & Development Organization,Government of India-Ministry of Defense,Bangor as art of a 4 member team.The project implements ARQ Protocols in data Communication networks using the widely popular coca microelectronic. The coca systems used for Transmission and reception have been designed and Implemented. We did parallel research along with our gulled providing valuable inputs unconnected from helping him with calculations. Coals In a decade from now I envisage myself as a Research Scientist In premier research Laboratory or as a Professor in a top university. I understand that M. Sc culminating in University. Why University of Saskatchewan ?A Graduate education that would change me to pursue advanced degree is what I have aspired for . 1 also believe that good graduate program is an essential step for realizing my long-term goals. I hope to fulfill my ambition at University of Saskatchewan , which I consider one of the best to pursue graduate studies . 1 have gone through the pamphlet and website very carefully and I have concluded that with excellent research facilities and highly knowledgeable faculty, University of Saskatchewan will provide a perfect environment to concentrate on all my resources towards research.I am confident that Ill be able to meet the standards of the University. I am eagerly waiting for an opportunity to make significant contribution in research and Development programs of the University. Conclusion I fully understand the kind of dedication, perseverance and resolve a graduate program calls for I believe that I have the ability and determination to tread on this exciting path. In conclusion, I do hope that Ill be given a fair prognosis to realize my objectives by being granted an admission. I look forward for a long and mutually beneficial relationship with the University. (Ninja Visitants Mashes)

Characteristics of Interviewing Essay

When Susan conversed with Leslie and Scott, she was talking with an eye contact and moving her hands and other body parts. She moved her head whenever she treasured to express that she was able to understand. Susan succeeded dapple maintaining her eye contact and stopping at interval whenever she felt was the right time to allow the thinking procedure. She demonstrated the check that she was paying attention to what they were saying by using small phrases like I see, and oh hmm. Her hand movements also helped.Open ended questionSusan asked Leslie numerous open ended questions such as, Assist me, how was it helpful? How do you feel about that? She intended to know about Leslies sentiments and thoughts. She wished to view things from Leslies prospective. Susan succeeded while asking such questions. Leslie gave answers openly and gives details about her feeling under given circumstances. It helped in creating fruitful discussion.Closed ended questionThere atomic number 18 few queri es which have restricted replies like Susan asking sealed ended queries to Scot, Can you show me the evidence? This resulted in a yes or no parley with Scott. There are not proper details or sentiments required to reply such queries. It finishes that particular section of discussion.Reflection of content or restateSusan applied the instance of extraction of text and interpretation in the film by stating, In my opinion, I am listening to and she moves on withLeslies avowal by briefing the details. Leslie then let Susan know if she is right.Reflection of feelingA sample of reflection of feeling is when Susan asks Scott, and thats difficult for you Scott? She also states, I couldnt hear when your wife said that, are you stressed about what she thinks of you? Susan succeeded with the consideration of Scotts sentiments and what he feels about Leslie.ReferenceEmotionally Focused Couples Therapy, in Couples Therapy with the Experts 7, Governors State University. Communications Services. (Psychotherapy.net, 2009), 11526 min.

The Hmong New Year

The Hmong stark naked Year is a cultural celebration that occurs annually, in the months of November and December, in aras where large Hmong population exists. In this speech, I am going to sh are the three main components that make up the celebration of Hmong cutting Year, such as the culture of the food, tradition clothes, and the activities that are involved. I. there are several activities that are involved at Hmong New Years. A. The game of love Pov pob, or screw orchis toss, involves lines or groups of men and women tossing a ball. 1. The ball is thrown so that the other player can catch it with one hand.If the throw is good and the other player drops or misses the ball, an ornament or a piece of silver or a belt from his or her costume is given to the opposite player in the pair. Ornaments are recovered by apprisal traditional courting songs to the opposite player. 2. Girls can toss the ball with other girls or boys, but boys cannot toss the ball with boys. It is too t aboo to toss the ball to someone of the same clan. Through playing this game, the youngsters get to know each other, forming relationships that may eventually lead to marriage. a. According to Liz Price who wrote the article call The Hmong plump for of Love on the webpage thestar. om, she stated, Throw the ball and catch a husband. If you see a boy you like, toss the ball to him and hope he returns it. But if you wear offt like your potential partner, then drop the ball he throws you. The next activity is B. The beauty get by is held every at Hmong New Year. This contest offers young ladies a chance to show off their talent and skills to the whole community. 1. The rules for the contest are that you cannot be married and if you win first place you go forth be Miss Hmong for one whole year until the next Miss Hmong is chosen. The contest usually runs for three days and is held during the New Year celebration.C. There are also sports tournaments involving soccer, volleyball and k ato for men and women. 1. Kato is played by using your feet, body, and head. One of the rules is you were not allowed to use your hands. The agreeable team gets first prized with a $500 reward. 2. association football is a big tournament that takes place during Hmong New Year. Soccer is given the top highest prize money for the winning team. First place gets five grand dollars. 3. Unlike Soccer and Kato, both male and females play volleyball. Prices are given as well. The winning teams both males and females get five hundred dollars as their winning prize. D.There is the talent show. 1. The talent show consist of multiple groups and sometimes individual execute some kind of traditional performance. a. One of the performances consists a group of girls performing a tradition dance. c. The Hmong fluting is called Sao Raj it is another intricate part of the talent show. The Sao is a vertical flute pierced with finger holes. The Hmong Sao is a single flute with hard and colorful tim ber the sound it produces is harsh and sweet. When the Sao flute is being played on stage, the music captures the hearts of the audience and the hearts of young girls. mournful on to the second component..II. The tradition Hmong clothes. A. Hmong New years is presented with many traditional Hmong clothes that consists of bright colors and Hmong jewelries. The dabtshos (pronounced da chaw) is a decorative circuit board worn in the back of a Hmong womans traditional blouse. It is a required part of the womans traditional clothing. If a woman does not wear her dabtshos at New Years, other people would think its very strange. The needlework on the dabtshos is used as a way for a young woman to realize a husband. If she is wearing a beautifully decorated panel that shows off her mothers sewing skills, many boys will want to be her artner in the ball toss. B. There is also coins involving in the costume. From my understanding, the coins show that you are rich or not. The more coins you have on your clothes, the more you are successful. C. A tradition hat is also worn. All the tradition clothes are all hand-made and stitched in multiple patterns. The last component is III. The food that is offered at Hmong New Years. A. After a long day of enjoying the sports and activities, people go to the booth where they sell different varieties of food, such as bbq pork and chicken. These foods are served with a plate of rice and peppers.Hmong sausage is one of the popular plates within the variety of food. It has a distinct taste of ginger and pepper made with pork. B. Another popular plate is papaya salad. Its basically made with papaya fruit, tomatoes, lime juice, pepper, and tamarind juice. C. Lastly, there are also multiple fruit drinks and snacks. a. According to Jeff Lindsay on his website webpages. csus. edu, he said that he had talked to many people of different races about this event and many loves it. They agree that its a one of a kind celebration because it brin gs the community together in various ways and really show what the Hmong culture is about.Conclusion When people go to any HNY event held around the world they can expect to see a variety of colorful Hmong tradition dresses, expect to enjoy different Hmong traditional foods, and expect to be entertain with traditional Hmong dances, music, pageant, and more. Also, there are activities and games that anyone can insert in, such as the traditional ball toss game. The Hmong people originated in central Asia, and now live spread throughout China, Tibet, Laos and Vietnam. Many Laotian Hmong fought for the unite States during the Vietnam war, subsequently which they took refuge in California, Wisconsin and Minnesota.Traditionally, Hmong communities celebrate the new year at the end of the harvest, staggering these dates from August to December to allow communities to enjoy each others festivities. New year activities vary from community to community and reflect regional influences The on ly major holiday celebrated by the Hmong each year is the New Years celebration timed to fall during the full moon at the end of the twelfth lunar calendar month usually around November. In Laos it falls after the rice harvest and also marks the beginning of the r New Yea

The contribution of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to Shell Nigeria’s Corporate Strategy

IntroductionApart from profit ability, the primary objective of telephone line also includes sustenance of operations into the yearn term, receiving repeat melodic line and thereby achieve the satisfaction of the needs of its sh arholders. This necessitates the examination of operations with a view to advance objectives such as sustainability which entails being levelheaded and observing fond province. To galore(postnominal) businesses operating in the modern competitive global economy, however, being honest or friendlyly responsible in the act up of business presents an ongoing challenge (Wheeler et al., 2010). With a digest on flummox Nigeria, this shroud critically evaluates the concept of merged affable responsibility (CSR) assessing its ploughshare to the partys collective strategy. It begins by assessing the industry background of the inunct colour sector in which tucker operates bringing forth the issues that impact the friendship and its stakeholders in their requirement. The report then looks at the concept of CSR, assessing its theoretical basis and the actual pursuits chthonictaken by the company. This culminates in the evaluation of the contribution of these initiatives to the companys corporate strategy. berate Nigeria home base Nigeria is an arm of the multinational oil corporation carapace Corporation operating under the entities Shell oil colour Development Company (SPDC) Nigeria Limited, Shell Nigeria Exploration and work Company (SNEPCO), and Shell Nigeria ball up (SNG). It has had a presence in Nigeria since its foundation by Royal Dutch/Shell Group in 1936 and has been involved in onshore and seaward exploration and production of oil and natural gas (Shell, 2011). The companys operations spread out within the Niger Delta (Nigeria) and constituting the Groups international stretch forth chain comprise 6000km of flow pipeline networks and stations, oil fields and producing wells, gas plants, and two major exp ort terminals (Royal Dutch Shell, 2012a OPEC, 2011).The pargonnt company, Shell Corporation, is one among major entities participating in the exploration, production, distribution and sale of oil and gas crossways the globe. The company manages multinational subsidiary petrochemical and energy companies operating in over 80 countries (OPEC, 2011). Exploration and extraction operations of crude oil and gas in Nigeria form an essential component of Shell Corporations up period issue chain. Its downstream supply chain is engaged in refinery and distribution of oil and gas, as well as trade and shipping of crude worldwide. The company is also involved in the manufacture and marketing of a range of products including petrochemicals for its industrial customers. Its daily volume of production entails 3.2 million barrels of oil and gas (at 48% this output) delivering refined fuel oil to consumers through its 43,000 Shell service stations across the globe (OPEC, 2011). Nigeria is big for Shell accounting for about a drag of its worldwide production with an estimated contributed share in profit averaging $1.8 billion annually. This represents 10.4% of upstream operational profits and 7.3% of total profit (Shell, 2011). Given its importance to the Groups upstream operations, any challenge on this front unfavorablely affects global operations of the multinational corporation (Royal Dutch Shell, 2012a Emesh, 2009). Several challenges beset multinational oil corporations operating particularly in developing countries as explored below.The dilemma of oil companies operating in developing countriesSignificant oil and gas reserves are found in developing countries of Africa (OPEC, 2011). These countries often drop the resource capability both in terms of financial capacity and infrastructure to organise exploration and extraction operations of oil and gas. This explains the presence of multinational oil corporations such as Shell in these countries and in regions such as the Niger Delta of Nigeria which holds significant oil reserves deemed to be among the largest in Africa (Wheeler et al., 2010).Operations of oil multinationals in these developing countries are however fraught with huge challenges brought about by the political and companionable situations which characterise them. Due to their structural and institutional weaknesses, these countries are often prone to recurring conflict and political instability which portends violence and risks to investments (Wheeler et al., 2010 Idemudia, 2009). However, with much to gain from the exploration and exploitation of oil and in spite of the risks and attendant challenges, the multinational oil corporations shelter the acquisition of market share (Emesh, 2009).It is also noteworthy that profits accumulated from the exploitation of the oil resource have historically been misappropriated, benefitting a few influential people in the topical anaesthetic and national governments while the host commu nities and citizenry at large suffer poverty. With an abundance of oil revenue, a corrupt leadership forego accountability to constituents and undermine political and economic institutions while sharpen on oil wealth stifles diversification of the economy into other essential sectors (Emesh, 2009 Olowu, 2011). This scenario has often exacerbated the political and social situation, increasing the occurrences of conflicts and violence and threatening sustainability of business and ace of the supply chain (Wheeler et al., 2010).The discontent of host communities and stakeholders at the local level has led to acts of vandalism, sabotage and disruption, as well as outright insurgency which not unaccompanied threaten operations but also impact the prices of crude oil internationally fomenting unnecessary fluctuations (Olowu, 2011). This alongside the adverse environmental impact of the extractive industry in public and impacts on human rights has often injured the tempers particular ly of oil multinationals such as Shell Nigeria. They have promoted the perception that such companies are merely profit-oriented and care less about the impacts of their operations (Idemudia, 2009).Such global concern over these issues has hitherto led to threats of and actual boycotts of Shell products, costly lawsuits and liabilities, and in addition to attendant inefficiencies and security of assets and resources, these challenges have not only impacted Shells local operations in Nigeria but have hindered the latent of the perfect multinational corporation internationally (Olowu, 2011).Companies such as Shell, therefore, continually need to evaluate political and social risks assessing probable aftermaths on their business and the investment climate, as well as the impact on their profit forecasts and sustenance of operations (Olowu, 2011 Fombrun, 2001). This scenario has illustrated that adverse effects can have dire consequences for the entire business beyond its local operat ional environment. In order to sustain their business and even achieve growth and expansion, it is imperative for companies to evoke their transaction with order ensuring that they are strong and mutually beneficial. Beyond the profit objective, multinational corporations are increasingly demanded of to engage with host countries and communities and CSR has become one of the strategies towards this endeavour (Haigh and Jones, 2006).In reply to this demand and in the attempt to shore up its reputation and to build goodwill with local communities, Shell has developed policies and programs headinged at taking on social responsibilities. These programs focus on poverty alleviation, dealing with challenging human rights issues, and the pursuit of sustainable victimisation, seeking to lower the negative environmental impact of their activities (Shell, 2011 Olowu, 2011).These practices are more often than not referred to as corporate social responsibility (CSR). They can serve as a channel through which to nurture relations with society and stakeholders in general so as to address this dilemma that companies face in the modern business environment ( number one wood, 2006 Haigh and Jones, 2006). In this regard, it can act dually as an avenue for ethical and social responsibility and as well a worthwhile and essential business strategy. However, finding the right approach and the right initiatives to undertake is challenging for many entities as expectations are very high and diverse particularly in developing countries. As well, in well-nigh cases, the development initiatives anticipated should ideally be the prerogative and duty of respective governments and authorities. Their pursuit enables these public agencies to disregard their duties and to forgo accountability to their constituents, a free hand to misappropriate what would otherwise be fagged on development (Frynas, 2005).Corporate Social debt instrument (CSR)CSR is a fast-growing concept in which arrangements hire the interests of various stakeholders including society, the environment, and the community in which they are established, taking responsibility for the impact of their activities. It refers to activities that a corporate entity engages with and which are aimed at investment into better and stronger relations with stakeholders and society (Bourne, 2009). This commitment is a voluntary endeavour to remedy quality of life for local communities and society at large and extends beyond the basic requirement to comply with regulations or legislation (Boyd et al., 2007).Though historically consider to encompass corporate philanthropy, the concept can now be summarized conveniently in the phrasedoing well by doing good which is inherent in a firms accountability and which underlies its social contract with society (Driver, 2006). It encompasses concepts such as corporate accountability, corporate citizenship, business ethics, sustainability, as well as social responsibi lity in investment and community involvement (Fombrun, 2001). CSR is thus not the sole responsibility of the multinational corporation, but it also concerns the host communities and countries that can engage in planning and in the push for implementation of activities. This, however, gives the pursuit an arbitrariness that makes assessment of success and effectiveness quite challenging.Success in business and sustainability of operations significantly depends on an organizations capacity to maximize benefits accrued from its resources such as financial and human resources, physical assets, as well as intangible resources such as goodwill from stakeholders and society in general (Werbach, 2009). This is quite evident in challenges that have beset Shells supply chain stemming from challenges in its operations in the Niger Delta. Even with the right mix of financial and human resources, as well as an adequate asset base, the lack of goodwill leading to discontent locally and globally a nd acts of reprisals has in the past led to disruption of operations and loss of potential which have had widespread implications, including adverse effects on profitability, the companys reputation, as well as the prices of crude oil in the international market.In this regard CSR has become a significant component of Shell Nigerias corporate strategy in its quest for mutually beneficial engagement with stakeholders and achievement of requisite goodwill (Shell, 2011 Olowu, 2011). through the proactive pursuit of CSR, companies can take responsibility for the impact of their operations and welfare of host societies, as well as stakeholders in general. Though perceive as an outlay that is difficult to recoup, there is evidence of potential reciprocal effect and business sense in CSR investments attributed to its creation of value and enhancement of stakeholder relations (Driver, 2006).Due to the general lack of infrastructure and development projects provided by respective governmen ts in developing countries, the need for CSR covering broader roles such as poverty alleviation, good governance and development is prominent. Multinational corporations such as Shell come under heightened expectations to fill in the gap providing the requisite development (Wheeler et al., 2010). The initiatives undertaken by Shell towards CSR are explored.Critics bemoan this reality in the expectation for intervention by such business entities on matters outside their primary objective. They posit that this demand influences and affects the conduct of business in the increasingly competitive business environment posing a challenge to strategists in the choice between meeting business objectives and shareowner satisfaction on the one hand, and the needs of the wider stakeholder base on the other (Frynas, 2005). This further complicates the development of corporate strategy given the need to focus on a number of extraneous issues often with private entities arrogating themselves dut ies that ought to be performed by the state or local councils. Such realities hinder the effectiveness of CSR initiatives and particularly its contribution to the companys corporate strategy. CSR initiatives of Shell Nigeria are thus evaluated in the following section.CSR initiatives of Shell NigeriaNumerous activities that Shell engages in its pursuit of social responsibility are herein evaluated to assess their effectiveness and therefore contribution to the companys corporate strategy. Initiatives undertaken by Shell Nigeria in its CSR pursuit cover orthogonal aspects such as environmental protection, community relations and human rights, as well as internal aspects such as principles and codes of practice, product stewardship, stakeholder and employee rights, and transparency (Shell, 2011 Idemudia, 2009). Shell Nigeria and the entire Group takes up an active leadership role in the development of codes of conduct and practice governing workplaces and their engagement with facets of society (Royal Dutch Shell, 2012b UN, 2011).The company has also supported development through programs in education, health, construction, commerce, agriculture, transport, etc. benefiting local communities (Olowu, 2011). Additionally, the company alongside others in the oil industry command leadership in programs promoting CSR internationally on various fronts. This has been facilitated by Shells new and sophisticated approach they refer to as Community Development (CD), offering a paradigm shift to environmental responsibility, social welfare, human rights, and political responsibility, among other issues of CSR (UN, 2011). This approach entails greater stakeholder engagement bringing together many entities including NGOs, state and local governments, and community leaders in identifying and implementing projects, ensuring increased local ownership, transparency and accountability (Idemudia, 2009).Numerous projects have been successfully undertaken through this approach over the years curiously benefiting areas in which the companys infrastructure is located and/or flow lines traverse (Royal Dutch Shell, 2012b Olowu, 2011). Goodwill generated from such investments in CSR has ensured integrity of assets that were hitherto under threat which is fundamental to successful operations. Various initiatives undertaken such as the community Health Insurance Schemes, enterprise development schemes, water supply and electricity supply, among others offer worthwhile lessons through which the success can be replicated elsewhere (UN, 2011 Idemudia, 2009).This way, the company has benefited from consistency afforded enabling it to meet tight lead times and to better ordinate supply and demand through greater efficiency. Success of development initiatives has enhanced well-being and economic empowerment of communities thereby reducing dependency for regional development which had burdened the company (Shell, 2011 Emesh, 2009). Additionally, initiatives undertaken in partnership with numerous players aimed at enhancement of the conservation of biodiversity through the minimization of the negative impact of activities have enabled reduction of environmental impact due to gas flaring and oil spills. The diversification into the production of natural gas has benefited the company significantly, becoming a worthwhile revenue stream (Royal Dutch Shell, 2012a).Through a variety of indices assessing social and environmental performance of entities such as Shell, its CSR initiatives have earned it recognition globally as a leader in responsibility and a CSR champion. These indices include the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC)- 2010 Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DSI)- 2010 Carbon Disclosure Leadership Index 2011, the FTSE4Good and Goldman Sachs Sustain ESG (environmental, social and governance) 2010 (UN, 2011 Shell, 2011 OPEC, 2011). Good ratings realiseed in these indices are evidence of the impact that it has had in its CSR pursuit. The recogni tion has been beneficial in shoring the companys reputation across the globe enhancing its corporate value and standing of its brand.However, oil multinationals (including Shell) remain at variance with local communities regarding the success and effectiveness of these CSR initiatives with the latter still not content. This represents the major challenge with CSR pursuits, particularly in cases such as this where expectations are quite high (Frynas, 2005). The actual success of Shell Nigerias CSR is evaluated to assess its contribution to its corporate strategy and bottom line.Contribution of CSR to Shell Nigerias corporate strategyCorporate strategy focuses on the organizations boilers suit scope with an aim to sustain growth and to achieve strategic positioning. The maximization of profits and minimization of costs is a primary goal of any business venture. This not only necessitates continuous improvement along the supply chain towards the enhancement of efficiency and effective ness, but also entails an important aspect in the modern competitive business environment, value creation (Werbach, 2009 Kazem and Richard, 2008).Competitive advantage entails the capability a business to provide superior products, services, or value differentiating itself from its competitors. Price/cost advantage, delivery, quality and tractableness are identified as among the components of the value advantage which enhance competitive capability. To be able to sustain its competitive advantage, a company or organization has to exploit such available capabilities which are as important as resources such as physical assets, financial resources, and human resources (Werbach, 2009). However, the oil industry is characterized by minimal capacity for value addition to products and services, exploitation of a price advantage, or physical resource capabilities (Wheeler et al., 2010). It is therefore crucial for players in the industry to focus on value advantage deriving from delivery e fficiency, quality, flexibility, as well as intangible aspects such as corporate value and reputation. The pursuit of corporate value and goodwill through CSR is therefore crucial for an entity to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage given the intense competition and capabilities (Fombrun, 2001).According to Sachs et al., (2009) and Driver (2006), the CSR idea ties up with the drive for sustainability which is to develop solutions for business in such a way as to meet the requirements of the current generation without compromising the ability to provide the needs of future generations in bounty and diversity. This is the basis for Shells renewed and revitalised pursuit of CSR which has enabled it to assume leadership on the responsibility front, a model for corporate citizenship (Shell, 2011). Despite the challenge in defining actual benefit and achievement in sustainability initiatives, the pursuit of CSR has granted Shell an important edge in the intensely competitive envir onment, enhancing the companys corporate value.Corporations invest in CSR motivated by the view on business ethics which holds that shareholders and stakeholders desire a financially stable and responsible corporation adhering to values of ethical conduct and environmental sustainability. A worthwhile brand image and reputation is thus central to strategy (Sachs et al., 2009 Haigh and Jones, 2006). This is the primary thesis of this report and which is shown to guide Shell Nigerias corporate strategy, as well as that of the entire Group.Benefiting from reduced civil tension, as well as oil theft and sabotage, Shell has, in recent years, managed to increase production from new ventures such as offshore deep water explorations, as well as enhanced supply chain efficiencies achieving increases in production averaging 31% year-on-year. Diversification into Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) production has enabled the company to enhance its revenue and to develop a new market (both locally and fo r export). Its economic potential has generated incentive and economic impetus to enhance the capture of natural gas associated with oil reserves that would otherwise be flared (Royal Dutch Shell, 2012a Shell, 2011 Fombrun, 2001). Reduced flaring and the clean-up of oil spills have had a positive effect on the companys risk and reputation management warding off potential lawsuits and liabilities (Shell, 2011 Dyer and Chu, 2003).Turbulence in the political and social environment and the resultant distrust in supply and demand, as well as concerns over bad repute negatively affect investor decisions and therefore share prices (Fombrun, 2008). A firm that wishes to attain success in the modern business environment must keenly assess these fundamental flags and their associated costs , as well as future value or potential which significantly influence investor decisions. These may influence the companys access to capital and to new markets and cannot be ignored (Sachs et al., 2009 Dyer and Chu, 2003). These factors can be adequately addressed through the focus on enhancement of goodwill and efficiency through social responsibility pursuits.It is evident therefore that Shells CSR initiatives have contributed significantly to the companys corporate strategy enhancing its capacity to sustain its operations and to thrive despite the challenges in the extractive sector and developing countries hosting it. final resultThrough the pursuit of CSR, oil multinationals such as Shell can gain valuable goodwill enabling success of their operations and the enhancement of their overall image and perception as a corporate citizen both locally and internationally. Shell Nigerias proactive community development initiatives have in the most part significantly reduced conflict resultant from discontent and grievance of local communities and global concern impacting the corporate reputation of the entire Group internationally. Reductions in civil tensions, oil theft and sabotage have enabled increased production and new ventures and as well, the venture into the capture of associated natural gas has seen the company ray into new revenue streams and markets of LNG. These benefits as well as the bolstering investor confidence due to this revitalization are evidence of the contribution of CSR to Shell Nigerias corporate strategy.BibliographyBourne, L., 2009. Stakeholder affinity Management. CA, USA Gower..Boyd, E., Spekman, R., Kamauff, J., and Werhane, P., 2007. Corporate Social debt instrument in Global SupplyChains A Procedural Justice Perspective. In Long Range Planning, Vol. 40, none 3, pp. 341-356.Driver, M., 2006. Beyond the Stalemate of Economics versus ethical motive Corporate Social Responsibility and theDiscourse of the Organizational Self. Journal of Business Ethics, 66 33756.Dyer, J., and Chu, W., 2003. The role of trustworthiness in reducing transaction costs and improving performanceEmpirical evidence from the United States, Japan and Korea. Org anization Science 14 (1), 5768.Emesh, E., 2009. Social Responsibility in Practice in the Oil Producing Niger Delta Assessing Corporations andGovernments Actions. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, Vol. 11, No.2, pp.113-125.Fombrun, J., 2008. Corporate reputations as economic asset. In Freeman, E., Harrison, J. S., (Eds.). The Blackwell enchiridion of strategic management. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 289312.Frynas, J., 2005. The False Developmental Promise of Corporate Social Responsibility Evidence from Multinational Oil Companies. International Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 3, pp. 581-598.Haigh, M., and Jones, M., 2006. The Drivers of Corporate Social Responsibility A Critical Review. The Business Review, Cambridge, 5(2) 24551.Idemudia, U., 2009. Oil Extraction and Poverty Reduction in the Niger Delta A Critical Examination of PartnershipInitiatives. Journal of Business Ethics Supplement 90 91. ABI/INFORM Global, ProQuest.Kazem, C., and Richard, L., 2008. Sustainable competiti ve advantage towards a dynamic resource-based strategy. East London Business School, University of East London, UKOlowu, D., 2011. From Defiance to Engagement An rating of Shells Approach to Conflict Resolution in theNiger Delta. African Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 10, Nr.3, pp. 75-100.OPEC, 2011. Nigeria facts and figures Viewed on 8/7/2014 from http//www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/167.htm Royal Dutch Shell Public Limited Company, 2012a. Shell Petroleum Development and Exploration Company report Environmental Performance Oil Spills. Shell Nigeria, Shell Petroleum Development Company. Viewed on 3/7/2014 from www.shellreport.comRoyal Dutch Shell Public Limited Company, 2012b. Shell Petroleum Development Company, Shell Nigeria report up(a) Lives in the Niger Delta. Viewed on 3/7/2014 from www.shellnigeria.comSachs, S., E. Ruhli and I., Kern, 2009. Sustainable Success with Stakeholders. Palgrave MacmillanShell, 2011. Sustainability Report Royal Dutch Shell Sustainability Report 2010. In Royal Dutch ShellSustainability Report, pp. 1-37. Viewed on 6/7/2013 from http//sustainabilityreport.shell.com/2010/servicepages/previous.htmlUN, 2011. Supply chain sustainability. United Nations global compact. Viewed from http//www.unglobalcompact.org/Issues/supply_chain/index.htmlWerbach, A., 2009. Strategy for sustainability a business manifesto. Adam Werbach. Boston, Massachusetts Harvard Business PressWheeler, D., H., Fabig, and R., Boele, 2010. Paradoxes and Dilemmas for Stakeholder reactive Firms in the Extractive Sector Lessons from the Case of Shell and the Ogoni. In Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 39, pp. 297-318.

Guidelines for Completing the Observations of Children Essay

You are required to submit a report on your observations (labeled observation report) of 2 young children. As discussed in class, the subjects of your observation should be angiotensin converting enzyme boy and one girl who are 3 and 4 course of instructions of age. The report should be presented in narrative format and include a description of the center in which the study took place. Included in the report should be a description of each student studied, and the notes on how well the children performed the milestones in the quad categories of child development (language, personal-gross motor plus fine motor skills-, cognitive and psychosocial development).Under each category, you quest to explain how the individual child performed the milestones by using the specified chart. The key to your description should be point by the labels (acquired, emerging, and strategies for home/school). Write a conclusion for each of the summaries. In closing, provide a chiding (labeled reflec tion) on how this experience benefitted you as an educator who may one day work with young children. refer your book and or an internet source to make recommendations for home/school.The due date for this report throne be found in the course syllabus. Put the report in a folder and crystalise the work with tabs and dividers according to the age of the child. Place the completed grids found in the LAP-3 behind the report. Below please find an outline that can be used to assist in writing the report name Observation ReportFirst Section(all alone)-Name plus description of the Center and selected personnel.TAB/Divider-Identity and description of the 3 year old. Please include background selective information about the family, if obtainable. In narrative format, present information categorically (labels from the end of the year assessment) labeled identifying the skills of the 3 year old, i.e. if it is(1) language skills acquired why do you express it is acquired, (2) physical de velopmentemerging-why do you say that it is emerging, (3) cognitivestrategies for home/school-why do you say that the child needs pointless work and specifically what activities can be used to help him or her move into the acquired category, (4) psychosocialacquired-why do you say it is acquired? Write a conclusion.TAB/Divider-Identity and description of the 4 year old. Please include background info about the family, if obtainable.In narrative format, present information categorically (labels from the end of the year assessment) labeled identifying the skills of the 4 year old. i.e. if it is (1) language skills acquired why do you say it is acquired, (2) physical developmentemerging-why do you say that it is emerging, (3) cognitivestrategies for home/school-why do you say that the child needs extra work and specifically what activities can be used to help him or her move into the acquired category, (4) psychosocialacquired-why do you say it is acquired? Write a conclusion.Reflect ion-How will this body process help me to become a good inservce teacher.The completed LAP-3 Grids (End of the Year Summary Sheets-2-one for the 3 and one for the 4 year old)

Music-Induced Affect as Treatment of Elderly Depression Essay

Abstract Depression in elder patients is atomic number 53 of the most prevalent mental problems today. However, research and knowledge regarding this subject is limited and those involved in the application of this knowledge to help of age(p) individuals experiencing printing are lacking in efficient strategies and training. This paper aims to explore the efficacy of inducing collateral bear upon through music as a scheme in treating falling off in time-honored individuals. The paper foc handlings on the effectiveness of music alone as tool in treating depression establish on its capability to induce positive affect. It is hypothesized that positive affect continuously induced via music within a set time-period get out lessen signs of depression.IntroductionDepression has recently been recognized as one of main psychological problems facing society today. Literature shows that treatment of depression needs to be change in terms of the population it addresses. Certain c onclaves, such as adolescents, respond to certain treatments differently when compared to other group, such as the elderly. (Aryan & Alvidres, 2001 Von Kroff et al, 2001)Depression among the elderly has specifically been found to be rampant and mostly unrestrained mainly due to the feature that it was regarded earlier on as a normal step in an individuals aging. (Casey, 1994) The need for further research on the subject is stressed by the fact that treatments and solutions for depression among elderly individuals are studied however in areas wherein a majority of the population is in the late stages of life. (Bramesfeld, 2003)Also, research has shown that general practitioners involved in treating depression in the elderly need to turn in to a greater extent training and information on how best to handle depression in ripened patients. (Rothera et al, 2002) diagnosing of depression is oerly a problem with 70-90% of dispirited elderly patients going undiagnosed. (Koenig, 1999 )A new strategy being researched for its effectiveness in treating depression employs the use of music proficiencys. Hendricks et al (1999) showed the potency of music in treating adolescent depression mainly because of its ability to inspire a change in the individuals emotions.Hanser & Thomson (1994) and Hanser (1990) studies have also shown promise in the use of music techniques to treat depression in older individuals. This paper aims to validate these previous studies but go away focus only on the musical locution of the treatment. Previous research included exercise, muscle relaxation techniques, and recall of experiences which could have confounded the results of the previous studies attesting to the effectiveness of music techniques.Research Question The goal of this paper is to determine whether there is a significant descent between music-induced affect and depression. Can positive affect induced by music reduce depression? It is hypothesized that positive music-induce d affect has a significant negative relationship with depression.Methods The design of the study is experimental and random. Specifically, it makes use of a 22 between-subjects factorial design. One variable go out be the music-induced affect which exit have both levels in the experiment, presence and absence of music-induced affect. Negative music-induced affect allow not be used for ethical reasons. The other variable provide be the test advance of the participants assessing the intensity of their depression. This will have two levels, test scores prior to the application of the music technique and test scores acquired after application. The two variables contribute tot eh 22 factorial design. (Mann, 1949)Setting The study will be conducted in a laboratory setting within primary care facilities from which the participants will be gathered. Performing the experiment in a primary care facility will be more convenient especially because the participants involved are elderly ind ividuals. The laboratory setting will control for bedevil variables that could be present in a real environment.Population The research sample will be composed of individuals from age 65 onwards coming from primary care facilities and who have been diagnosed with depression (ranging from daft to severe). This is to avoid ethical and scientific concerns regarding clinically-induced depression.Data CollectionThe in qualified variable is the positive music-induced affect will be measured with the State Form of the nine-fold adjoin Adjective Check List-Revised (MAACL-R). (Zuckerman & Lubin, 1985) The depression level, the dependent variable, of the participants will be measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). (Beck et al, 1961)Participants will be randomly assigned to two groups. The experimental group will be administered with music sessions aimed at inducing positive affect. The music will be pre-tested on a different set of participants also with depression to check its validity in inducing positive affect. The control group will not be administered with music sessions and will only be administered the Beck Depression Inventory at the set off and at the end of the experimentation period. The experimental group will be administered the selected music once daily for a duration of four weeks. During the sessions, participants of the experimental set-up will be asked to clear their minds and to concentrate only on the music being played. The State Form of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised will be administered before and after each session to plug that positive affect was induced. The Beck Depression Inventory will also be administered to this group at the start and end of the four-week experimentation period to document depression levels.Data Analysis Collected data will be analyzed statistically with the use of a one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA). The computed marginal sum in the ANOVA will be the determining statistical v alue indicating the effect of positive music-induced affect on depression scores with the Beck Depression Inventory.Conclusion Music as a technique occupied in treating depression will provide healthcare workers and low-income families with a relatively cost-free strategy of helping elderly individuals experiencing depression. This is also a technique that doesnt require much training or medical expertness in its administration. All one would need in order to be able to administer this technique is knowledge as to which music selections are prescribed and certified to induce positive affect. This technique, because of its simplicity and focal ratio of application, could also be used as a supplementary strategy to medication, counseling and psychotherapies being occupied to treat depression in elderly patients. The research, however, has many limitations. The range of elderly individuals that will be forthcoming for experimentation will only be confined to a specific locality. Ti me constraints will also be an issue. Further study should be conducted on a larger sample size and over a longer experimentation period. Different music styles and variations can also be checked to run across maximum effectiveness of the treatment. Gender could also be checked as a factor. Depression is so a psychological problem that afflicts todays elderly individuals. Research regarding effective techniques has to be keep and expanded in order for healthcare workers to be able to best address this growing problem.ReferencesArean, P., & Alvidrez, J. (2001). Treating Depressive Disorders Who Responds, Who Does not Respond, and Who Do We Need to Study? Journal of Family Practices, 50(6), 529Beck, A., Ward, C., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression, Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571.Bramesfeld, A. (2003). Service preparation for elderly depressed persons and political and professional awareness for this subject a comparison of six European countries. international Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 392-401Casey, D. (1994). Depression in the elderly. Southern Medical Journal, 87(5), 559-563Hanser, S. B. (1990). A music therapy strategy for depressed older adults in the community. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 9, 283-298.Hanser, S. B., & Thompson, L. W. (1994). Effects of music therapy strategy on depressed older adults. Journal of Gerontology, 49, 265-269.Hendricks, C., Robinson, B., Bradley, L., & Davis, K. (1999). Using music techniques to treat adolescent depression. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education & Development, 38(1), 39-46Koenig, H. (1999). Late-life depression How to treat patients with comorbid chronic illness.Geriatrics, 54(5), 56-61Mann, H.B. (1949). Analysis and design of experiments analysis of variance and analysis of variance designs. New York, capital of Delaware Publications.Rothera, I., Jones, R., & Gordon, C. (2002). An examination of the attitudes and practice of gene ral practitioners in the diagnosis and treatment of depression in older people. International Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 354-358Von Kroff, M., Katon, W., Wells, K., & Wagner, E. (2001). Improving Depression Care Barriers, Solutions, and Research Needs. Journal of Family Practice, 50(6), 529-561Zuckerman M, & Lubin B. (1985) Manual for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised. San Diego Educational and Industrial Testing

China: The Advantages And Disadvantages of International Trade Essay

Inter areaal trade has always been an attractive caprice for merchants and logical argumentman since time immemorial. There is always an opportunity to sell more, make more profits, append the martplace share, remove seasonality fluctuations of command and supply, increase in merchandiseivity, and of course a business or even a country learns a lot on the product development technologies and strategies from doing business with other countries or regions. muckle as well as leads to higher GDP, better and more choices of products for consumers, increase in competition in domestic market leads to warring prices which is good for consumers, competition overly leads to better quality in goods and services, and reduces un booking and poverty. Thus, this leads to growth and maturing of a countries providence as a whole and also the businesses involved.Trade also leads to some problems that are not that axiomatic at the onset of trade. Even though trade tends to increase employm ent in one nation it may lead to job cuts in another. As businesses shift manufacturing for instance from abundanter nations to third world or developing nations, they take payoff of the cheap struggle, rachiticer labor policies, weaker environmental policies, and support of the organizations in these countries. They are fitted to recruit more and thus produce more for less. scarcely this leads to job cuts in the parent rich nations. Trade also leads to job cuts in the developing and third world countries due to competition with multinationals from develop nations and also due to photo to automation and modernization. Many businesses cannot put up with high productivity and competitive pricing of stronger businesses from richer nations and thus finally may lead to closing down of weaker businesses and unemployment in the face of competition.But we also pull in to realize that employment also increases through the new businesses from the richer nations. Overall there is a po tential increase in employment. There is a problem of increasing income inequalities in chinaware. As the business houses tend to take advantage of weaker policies in labor and environment, there will be environmental pollution leading to health and environmental complications further labor discrimination leading to weaker social well-being. Businesses furcateicularly also need to realize that protection of Intellectual property rights may not be recognized or understood or at least weak in some of the nations thus, leading to piracy, copyright violations, patents violations, product copies etc. This may well erode the competitive advantage, and the brand image of businesses.The above comments on external trade can be closely associated with the international trade involving china. china has become the manufacturing hub of the world. Substantial part of the sparing of China depends on international trade. The advantages it gives for other countries to setup manufacturing plant s in China is its strong government support for FDIs, Infrastructure development, cheap labor, weak environment and labor laws, new strong market snuff it which includes China, India, Japan, Russia, Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia etc, access to cheap Chinese supplier base, thus coarser sales and profits, seasonality of product supply and carry can be managed (one can always sell the product in China and the markets close to it if the charter is lower in North America or Europe). US has profited considerably through trade with China. gross revenue of products from US have grown in popularity in China boosting US multinationals (Expanded trade with China has, in fact, been a blessing for large U.S. multinationals bid Boeing, Caterpillar, and Cargill, which had trumpeted the prospect of a massive Chinese market for American products and services.China is the worlds fastest growing market for commercial aviation, and needs billions of dollars worth of airplanes from Boeing. Its growing infrastructure has been a boon for companies like Caterpillar, which produces tractors and other heavy equipment. And it is importing billions of dollars worth of farm products, a boon to companies like Cargill. Last year, China bought $2.9 billion worth of soybeans the top U.S. export crop to China. China also has proven to be a growing market for U.S.-made fertilizer and chemicals.). Chinas benefits were as follows its economy has been growing at a very rapid rate (for instance, Chinas economy grew at an average rate of 10% per year during the period 1990-2004, the highest growth rate in the world.), the resulting increase in business activity drastically reduced poverty (China has been credited for greatly lowering the persona of East Asian population living in poverty in a recent piece Bank report from 80% to 18% in a span of 20 years), created employment (Foreign coronation funds remains a strong element in Chinas rapid expansion in world trade and has been an important factor in the growth of urban jobs.), saw a large growth in cities (population 30% urban in 1950, estimated 60% urban in 2030, 19 mega-cities 10 million, 22 cities with 5 with 10 million, 370 cities with 1 to 5 million, 440 cities with 0.5 to 1 million), increased the technology and business exposure of domestic firms and the countries technological expertise (China has acquired some highly sophisticated production facilities through trade and also has built a number of advanced engineering plants cap adapted of manufacturing an increasing puke of sophisticated equipment, including atomic weapons and satellites.)Making the firms and the country more competitive, increased the variety of products available to the consumers, domestic manufacturers matured and increased competition in local market (e.g. Shanghai motors), prices became competitive, Chinese suppliers matured enough to support the big multinationals (e.g. Toyota, GM) in Japan and China, trade has hel ped Chinese government earn huge revenues due to trade that helps to increase investment in public welfare and social infrastructure, thus increasing the overall well being of China, China is also exporting and importing to and from many countries respectively thus, it is able to manage seasonality in the supply and demand of the products involved by diverting exports (Cheap Chinese goods export to South Asian, and South East Asian markets) and transmutation sources of imports (Crude oil from African (e.g. Chad and Darfur), South America (e.g. Venezuela) and Middle-east (e.g. Iran) countries) as and when required, in the process China is also able to reduce dependence on any single country. Chinese exports is around $1216 billion (2007) to countries as US 21.0%, EU 18.1%, Hong Kong 17.0%, Japan 12.4%, ASEAN 7.2%, South Korea 4.7% (2004) while its imports is around $953.9 billion (2007) from Japan 16.8%, EU 12.4%, ASEAN 11.2%, South Korea 11.1%, US 7.9%, Russia 2.2% (2004).However, in spite of the many positives of international trade there have been less obvious problems in the form of labor discrimination (86 percent said discrimination exists in Chinas employment market 51 percent see the discrimination as serious. Chinas employee market is deplorably inefficient and small foreign companies are very well positioned to take advantage of this., even multinationals like Reebok have been found guilty of labor discrimination and of taking unfair advantage of weak labor policies. Even local firms are taking such advantages), environmental problems (State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) announce that 130 foreign companies did not comply with current environmental laws.In fact, many multinationals see weak environmental laws as a means for cost reduction and therefore maintain different environmental standards in China than in their home countries. Multinationals can pollute more in China principally because of an incomplete regulation system and loose supervision with few penalties that lead to a low inducing for keeping to the environmental law.), and legal problems for firms in the areas of protection of Intellectual Property Rights in China (There is itsy-bitsy awareness that infringement is a crime in China. Growth of new businesses has outpaced the governments major power to regulate them).Trade has fired competition which in turn has pushed many of the multinationals and domestic firms to take advantage of limited media rights, weak labor policies and implementation, and weak environmental policies and implementation (90 multinationals that have been found by the environmental protection authorities to have violated water pollution regulations since 2004, Forbes reports. General Motors, Samsung, Unilever, Pepsi and Yum Brands chains Kentucky Fried squawker and Pizza Hut are just a few of the companies on the list, concord to the article.).Both the US and China has suffered job cuts. China is losing millions of m anufacturing jobs due to automation and the adoption of new business systems and production techniques, according to The Conference Board in New York. Between 1995 and 2002, 15 million manufacturing jobs were lost in China, or about 15 percent of the total manufacturing workforce, The Conference Board found after working with Chinas National Bureau of Statistics. Manufacturing employment in China fell from 98 million in 1995 to 83 million in 2002. By comparison, the United States now has 14.5 million workers in the manufacturing sector, about 3 million less than in 1999.Trade does have enormous benefits but not without some corrections required and some inevitable losses in the form of job cuts. The job cuts can be corrected though with appropriate training of the unemployed to take up jobs requiring higher skills. Countries belonging to the OECD have attempted methods and policies to reduce the unemployment created through the effect of trade. Denmark for instance cut its unemploy ment from about 10 percent in the early 1990s to less than 5 percent now.The main ingredient for the Danish success is a system called flexicurity, a set of liberal policies for hiring and firing, allowing relatively frictionless adjustment to shocks caused by international trade. A generous system of carefully monitored unemployment benefits and funding for retraining displaced workers complement Denmarks labor-market flexibility. Governments have a range of policies to expand trade while minimizing the loss of jobs. However, a complete solution to the losses from trade is monstrous and like always not fully repairable.

Belonging speech Essay

It is with a kind of fear that I begin to write the story of my life. I shed, as it were, a superstitious hesitation in lifting the veil that clings virtu eithery my childhood like a sumptuous mist. The task of writing an autobiography is a difficult whizz. When I try to classify my earliest impressions, I find that a fact and fancy look alike across the old age that link the yester stratum with the present. A fewer impressions stand out undimmedly from the first few years from my life however the shadows of disappointments and acquire hurt are on the rest. Besides, many of the joys and sorrows of childhood open lost their poignance and many incidents of vital importance urinate been forgotten in the excitement of great memories. In order, therefore, not to be tedious I sh only try to present in a serial publication of sketches only the episodes that take anxiety to me the most interesting and important. I was natural on June 2, 2000, at the San Juan De Dios Hospital, a hospital in the t admits heap of Pa place.The family on my fathers side are natives of China, who colonised in the Philippines. My grandfather, Roberto arrived at the shores of Leyte and fin onlyy settled there. I afford been told that he visited his brformer(a) to trade goods twice a year, and my grand perplex has in her self-denial many of the letters to his family, which gave charming and vivid accounts of these trips. My father, Alvin , is a chef in Sydney, and my mother, Norilyn , was of the aforesaid(prenominal) age. Her family has lived in Nueva Ecija, Philippines, for many years. I lived, up to the cartridge clip my mother and father started having issues, in a cosy two-storey house consisting of two big(a) bedrooms and a moderately- sized unmatched in which the maids slept. We besides had a garden at the front porch which consisted of orchids, sampaguitas and ylang-ylang. The germ of my life was simple and lots like any other teensy-weensy life.I came, I saw, I conquered, as the first baby in the family always does. thither was the usual amount of discussion as to a name for me. My father suggested the name Korina Sanchez, the name of reinvigorateds reporter he idolized, not every unitary hold to his suggestion. My mother solved the problem by finding a name for me in the university graduates catalogue from the modspaper, Celine. To unclutter up to my father, she decided to give me a second name, Kaye, my paternal grandmothers name. I am told that while I was s work on a toddler I showed many signs of an eager and confident nature. Everything that I saw other sight do I insisted upon imitating. At six months I could say, Mama, Papa and one twenty-four hours I attracted everyones attention by saying Te, Te, Te which probably meant Ate ( vauntingly Sister). They give out me I walked the day I was a year old. My mother had just taken me out of the bath-tub and was dimension me in her lap, when I was suddenly attracted by the flicke ring shadows of leaves that danced in the sunlight on the smooth floor. I slipped from my mothers lap and almost ran toward them.The urge gone, I fell down and cried for her to take me up in her arms. These happy days did not last grand. One summer season, rich in harvest-festival and orchids, sped by and left their gifts on the feet of an eager child the wet season has fin onlyy come. One rainy evening, I turned as white as sheet and as cold as ice. My parents shortly rushed me to the hospital. The doctor diagnosed me of pneumonia and asthma. They cerebration I would not live, scarcely with extensive care and the attend to oneself of antibiotics I fought done it. I fancy I still use up confused recollections of that illness. I especially call def break the tenderness with which my mother tried to soothe me in my waking hours of fret and pain, and the agony and the bewilderment with which I awoke after(prenominal) tossing and turning in my relaxation. Gradually, the p ain faded away and I got better. During the first few years of my life, I had caught glimpses of tribe,a luminous sky, trees, flowers and my neighbourhood. If we have once seen, the day is ours, and what the day has shown.The Start of my Journey to the Outside creationDuring the years that I grew up, things gradually changed. I grew and acquire more(prenominal) about my life, seeing the world in a intact peeled lieu. My mother taught me everything that I know of. My hands felt every object, communicated with other bulk and observed every motion, and in this way I learned to know many things. A shake of the head meant No and a nod Yes, a pull meant Come and a compact Go. I similarly learned new words such as b chamberpotvass, ice flutter and book. My mother, moreover, succeeded in making me understand a great deal. I always knew when she wished me to bring her something, and I would melt upstairs or anywhere else she indicated. Many accidents of those early years are fix ed in my memory, isolated, save clear and distinct, making the finger of that silent, aimless(prenominal) daily life more intense. One day, I was staying at my grandmothers house.We were eating lunch at that time, rice and chicken adobo with a glass of coca plant Cola, whilst eating, I accidentally spilled my cup. To teach me a lesson, my grandmother didnt give any more servings of the haywire drink. At that time, the Coca Cola bottles were still made of glass. by and by we accurate, she stood up and went to wash the dishes. universe the perverting teentsy girl I was, I quickly tiptoed to the refrigerator and took the bottle out. At that mommaent, a thought overcame me and I began to furiously shake the bottle up and down with my chubby little hands. Due to the little water droplets that covered the bottle, it slipped from my grasp. Glass shards flew everywhere and I was bombarded with cuts and my grandmothers sermon. That accident is still vivid in my memory and it also ma de a scar that I still carry as of this day.When I was about five years old, we moved from the two-storey house to a town house consisting of collar floors where I stayed from pre take up until Year5. The family consisted of my mother, my father and me. My earliest recollection of my father is making m way through great drifts of newspapers to his side and finding him alone, holding a sheet of paper in front his face. I was greatly puzzled to know what he was doing. I imitated this action, even wearing his reading glasses, thinking they might help solve the mystery. But I did not find out the secret for several years. Then I learned what those papers were, and that my father was looking for jobs to go to another terra firma. My father was most loving and indulgent, commit to his home, seldom leaving us. Alas, certain circumstances happen that calls for desperate measures. My father was accepted to become a chef in either the U.S.A. or Australia. After oft consideration, he left us to start a new career. Ive neer seen him all throughout the rest of my childhood and school years. He called us, me and my mum, at least once a month. I missed him dearly hoping he would be there every time I get something right or piddle away my mum proud. Early Education and an haunting tripMeanwhile the desire to express myself grew. The words and body language Ive learned became less and less adequate, and my failures taught me not to make the same mistakes all over again. My mother taught me more to quench my impulse for noesis and even gave me my first book. After that occurrence, I gradually became a bookworm. On my birthdays, I trustworthy books as gifts from my relatives. At that moment, things changed. I grew to love books more than playing like my peers.I grew up in a town house neighbourhood. There werent any children in my neighbourhood, hence my independence. It was lonely at first only if my books and my grandma kept me company. To help me, my mom started t o teach me the alphabet. At first, it was hard but practice makes perfect. Every afternoon, she would then ask me to recite the whole alphabet and after a few weeks, until I finally perfected it.My mother is a very persistent and studious woman. She has always persuaded me to demand ever since my second birthday. I still remember those days when I didnt study becoming or was too lazy to say it orally I would be locked out of the house until I learn it. Ever since that day, I strive to be the best I tail end be. Then, one day, things took a turn for the better. My uncle, Eduardo Lim, who was currently residing in Johannesburg, South Africa, gave my mom a job opportunity. Things went and papers were filed soon after. A couple of months later we were on board the Qatar Airlines and zooming to get my first glimpse of my new home. Upon arrival, we were escorted to big family where my uncle lived. It was lavish and with high security. There were also three canine dogs. After the intro ductions and formalities, my uncle doted on me and soon after enrolled me to a preschool. My mom used to tell me that when I was a toddler, I used to greet people all the time. And if I get the chance, whitethornbe, steal a peck on the cheek or a hug as a child, I was a cheeky little monkey and was always getting into trouble.There was the time when I made a peanut butter sandwich without anyones knowledge and ate it with the dogs that were taller than me. It was all fun then, but everything comes to an end. After two summers, my mother decided to go back to the Philippines to start my education. In the Philippines, school starts at June and ends in March. Our holidays consisted of Christmas , parvenue Year, The Day of the Dead and the two- month colossal one(March-June). Upon our arrival on May 2005, my mom perused me even more to study harder and so I did. My mom enrolled me to St. Stephens High school to start my education. It is a Christian Chinese School. I managed to get fa de marks on my entrance exam. There was a disadvantage though, the school was very far. To remedy this problem, I rent to wake up at 400 am. It was really tiring but it was worth the effort. I met new friends, learned new stuff and boosted my stamina to a whole new level.In this school, everyone is combative to rise above the rest. Rivalries and Competitions are normal in this school, especially with mothers. present, there are no shed light on classes or anything of that matter. Everyone and I mean every individual(a) student has at least one tutor. My tutoring sessions lasted for 5 hours a day during my stay there. Finally the year has finished, and I reaped my rewards. I stayed under their tutelage for two years, striving to be the best. Hence my schools motto, We are the best, among the rest. For the first year, I received awards for being the quartern place in my entire year. For the second though, through excessive analyze and my mothers perusal, I finally managed to gr asp the concept of being at the top. Due to certain circumstances, I moved schools. I cried with my best friend that day, when I received the news. She was the closest friend I ever had at that time, and it breaks my flavour to part with her. Alas, life goes on I recall many events that happened soon after.I did nothing but explore and learn the name of every object that I saw and the more I handled things and learned their names and uses, the more joyous and confident grew my sense of kinship with the rest of the world. When the time came for my first day of var. school, I had my first lessons in Science and History. I learned how the sun and the rain make to incur out of the ground every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food, how birds build their nest, my countrys previous(prenominal), how the deer, the lion, the squirrel and every other creature finds food and shelter. As my knowledge of things grew I felt more and more the delight of the world I was in.Moving on & still going strongBeing a new girl in a whole new different school has been a scary concept for me. My mother opted for a new approach to my schooling. She enrolled me to Malate Catholic School where I had been studying for about a third of my life. The concept of being a new girl is that you tend to be at the bottom class. Hence, my first day wasbeing at the bottom class. The very next day, though, I was this instant told to collect my things because I was moving to the top class due to some sort of intellectual spring. I studied long and hard, maybe trying to prove myself. In this school, they calculate your ranking by term. In the first quarter, I rose to be the fourth placer, being the demise of some people who had Malate Catholic School as their Alma Mater from the start. The sustainment of grade school has always one-of-a-kind experience for me. It started a series of events that I will forever treasure. Year IIThe start of Year II started pretty oft like nay year. I studied hard, vied for top marks and gave the teachers incentive. I managed to ace every single subject, my teacher told me to go to the Department of Education to get acceleration. I received top marks for the end of the year test just as I hoped and went to get the acceleration test soon after. After much anticipation, I received my marks and it said that I am able to move up to Year4 or Year5. My mother chose the Year 4 option after much consideration. The following year changed my whole life. Year IVI met new friends, teachers and classmates. My whole class were pretty much older than me by a year. One day, my friends started teasing me that I wouldnt be able to beat their top one from Year 3 but I studied long and hard with my mothers pleader to prove them wrong. In the end of the school year, I became the top one, president of three clubs (maths, science and GSP), won all the academic competitions in flying colours. My inspiration for that year was my teachers quote, I doesn t matter how much you learn from this year. What matters are the lessons you learn from your mistakes. Year VAt the start of the school year, my teacher opted to choose me for presidency in the Student Council Board Members. I had to campaign this year to commence the election for the following year. My team gave out chocolates and other incentives to secure our place in the election. It was a really fun experience but in the end it was all for naught. It was then that my father went back to the Philippines. Ha came bringing with him the tidings of the erstwhile(prenominal) and his plan for a better future. We were to migrate to Australia the month I finished Year 5. At first I was devastated, everything that I worked so hard for my academics, competitions and clubs all for the grand go forth of a graduation gone down the drain of broken dreams. I had always dreamed of having my atomic number 91 beside me on my graduation day, filled with pride for all of my achievements and I w as most certainly not expecting this. It was all a turn for the worst, my worst nightmare came true, my hopes on getting a scholarship crushed before my eyes. It was all too much to bear, but things took an unexpected turn. My mother found out that she was pregnant with my brother. There was a lot of rejoicing for the impending wait for the first male child. Gradually, the time came for her to give birth. The Big SurpriseAt precisely 4 am on the 29th of January, my brother, Samuel, was born. He was a crafty little bugger with two dimples that were to die for. Everyone fawned over him and being an only child for more than a decade, I felt left out. Gradually, I became more and more distant from my mother because she spent her undivided attention to my brother. It triggered my jealousy then and there. I grew to love and hate him at the same time till the most awaited day arrived..Finally, after much anticipation, I am finally leaving the past I worked so hard to create with the help of my mother and start on a new slate. I packed my bags, went to the airport with my mother and boarded the plane in time for a long flight. At approximately 1000 pm, 4th of April 2012, we arrived at the Sydney International Airport. My father came and escorted us to my new home. We drove morose and I watched the change of scenery as it passed me by. I observed a quiet and vast landscape with trees and pigeons hovering above m head. It was a complete contrast to the hustle and bustle in my old neighbourhood. My initial Day of High SchoolThe commencement of a new chapter of my life began that day. I was a primitive little girl and a nervous wreck that day. I was going to be introduced to a distant environment with no idea of what to expect whatsoever. I did my morning duties and went to school. My mother assured me that I need not to be afraid and so with an eager feeling I had my first glimpse of my new school, Canterbury Girls High school. At first, I felt left out because mo st of my classmates have already settled in and being a new girl I was pretty much a loner. To solve the problem, Mr. Anderson introduced me to Minh Doan who eventually became my friend. The concept of rollcall gave me a lot of confusion because it was the first time I have heard of the term. I finally settled in with high spirits for the following day. Friendships & AlliancesFriends may come and friends may leave but they are our friends and we will love them forever. Over time, I met people and friendships were created. Their personalities were all different but I trust & love them all the same. Chenhui is the organized and responsible one. You can rely on her when anything needs to be done or for advice when you need one. Stephanie is the logical one and sleepyhead. She tends to sleep due to sleep deprivation from previous nights but when it comes to answering a test she will be on a roll. Theres Linda the temperamental and idle one. Shes the most carefree one among the five of u s because she doesnt care that much about schoolwork and be sure not to be near her when she gets angry. Kezang is the patient thinker. She holds us together through and through with her patience and intellectual skills. In my outer circle, I also found people who I can have intellectual conversations, communicative sparring and enjoyment with.Anna is the one with mathematical skills and the strongest one. She solves mathematical problems with ease and never backs done a argufy when it comes to testing her strength. Nabila and Jill are the ones who I can have intellectual conversations with. They know and feel my lovingness for books especially if it is about Harry Potter. For every act of discipline comes a troublemaker, Tina Gavin. She breaks rules occasionally within her line of reason but amidst all her mischievous ways she has a soft side that she reveals to people she knows she can trust. She adds the alter and arguments that greatly entertains the class but has certain co nsequences much to the teachers chagrin. I love my friends and I would wish for nothing more. They have helped go through my hectic schedule, the stress of schoolwork and even help me leave the shell of the person I used to be. My education started at Canterbury Girls High School on the year 2012 without knowing the adventures that will expand my knowledge of everyday life and how to seize the day. My own perspective of the way things are changed from that day onwards.I have learned about The Aboriginal perspective and their way of life. Mathematics became a form of innovation with complicated calculations involved. Events also happened among the staff of great importance. Ms.Salakas and Ms. hunting watch were both betrothed in Year 7. Teachers came and went while imparting with me the most valuable treasure knowledge, something that cannot be taken away from me. Mr. Sim, Ms.Moodie and Mr.Kazzi taught me maths in varying methods and for some reason they all seem to have a humorous flair that never ceased to make me laugh. Ms. Barry, Ms. Slattery and Ms.Magoffin widened my vocabulary and eventually made me verbose or eloquent or so that is what my friends thought. Ms.Salakas taught me Incan history packed with fun-filled activities without any heavy burden but it was Mr. Robertson who pioneered my knowledge in Aboriginal History.He made every lesson fun and interesting. There was this one time where we had to improvise with aluminium foil for our topic about chivalry. We had a goodbye party for him to conclude the year and to thank him for all the memories and laughter forever etched in our hearts. I suppose there were also the times when some of my teachers get angry due the class antics but in the end it was all for our benefit. They all made me laugh once in a while imparting knowledge, skills and experiences that were invaluable. I could never thank them enough for teaching me and guiding me on things I do not understand. another(prenominal) sour in the storyIn the middle of Year 8, earth-shattering news came. My mother was pregnant for the second time. At precisely, 600 am, the 13th of September 2013 Elizabeth Nicole was introduced to this world. We were 13 years apart. It seemed ironic at that time because it she was also born on a Friday the 13th. She was the cutest little thing at 7 months. I took turns on taking care of her during the holidays, it was hard and being an amateur made it even more difficult. My babysitting schedule was both instructive and interesting. I learned new life skills which can help me when I start my own family in the probable future.The start of Year 9 opened up a new door for possibilities and surprises. New Subjects such as History Elective and Work Education had been introduced. I had new teachers, some familiar and others unfamiliar. Year 9 has been stressful compared to the previous years with a huge amount of workload. Luckily, my family and friends support all the way.A Way to pass TimeFor as long as I could remember, I have alwaysbeen an indoor person. It was all because of my mothers over protectiveness when I was still the only child. My love and passion for books started when I was nine years old. My cousin, Lirashen introduced me to the series of Percy Jackson and the Olympians. It was a highly suspenseful and captivating series that bound me to read it over and over again. Over time, I have read the Artemis Fowl, The Nicholas Flamel series and much more. My love for volleyball started during the summer holiday of 2008 when my cousin from Canada visited us. She taught me the basic skills of volleyball and the gist of it. Jennifer was the most incomparable player I have ever seen. She moves with easy grace combined with her exceptional skill. From that day onwards, I have shared her love and passion for the sport and plays volleyball to this day. My Hope for a Better succeeding(a)Our future can be determined by us and us alone.Ever since I was little I have always dreamed of being a doctor. My desire only grew when I went to grade school as my knowledge about the subject broadens.I am still unsure about my plans about the future but I have vague recollections of my plans from the previous years. My parents have been always telling to tag a medical degree, and if possible an orthopaedic doctor. Now that I am in Year 9, I want to pursue a career in medicine. In my perspective, people cannot plan for an exact result there would always be obstacles in the way no matter what. Great Expectations lead to Disappointments, my mother once told me. My father on the contrary told me that, it does not matter how great your expectations are as long as you persevere and have faith that you will go through every obstacle that comes in your way no matter what happens. My LifeMy life has been a series of winding paths and inevitable occurrences. Who would have thought that after a decade of waiting that there would still be a first step of me having a siblin g? Miracles have happened in my life in the most surprising circumstances and for that I am thankful. I have met people who helped me see the world in a whole new perspective. I made mistakes it h past but that is all part of growing up. I traveled across the world from Africa to Asia witnessing cultural perspectives unfolding before my eyes. Stereotypes were blurred as I discovered that every person is unique in their own way. Life can be relentless and cruel at times but in the end lessons are learnt. I dont regret a single day of my life as I divulge trough hardships and laughter. I am the earn of my fate I am the captain of my soul. My family helped through my ups and downs. They made life worth living for and I dont know what I would do without them.Belonging, what is it? I believe belong is when you can say that you are a part of something, when you have a meeting or a club or even a lifestyle that other people share. In short, I believe that a sense of belonging can be fou nd in the things or people that have shared the same experiences, both good and bad, because we can identify ourselves in those people. Today we will be exploring this idea of belonging in two texts one is the of poems Feliks Skrzynecki and St Patricks College, by Polish-born Australian poet, scape Skrzynecki, and the other text is the 2012 characterization Wreck it Ralph, directed by Rich Moore. The poems St Patricks College and Feliks Skrzynecki both deal with the notion of self-isolation and an inability to plug in to the people that surround a persona. In both poems, we can assume that the persona is Peter Skrzynecki himself. In Feliks Skrzynecki he talks about how he could never relate to his father and his fathers friends when they would reminisce of their lives in Poland.He feels a sense of distance between himself and his parents culture that, as he says in the poem, he inherited unknowingly. In the poem In the folk museum, dissociation from a culture is also portrayed, bu t this time it is about the personas lack of connection to the Australian culture. The persona describes the things he sees in the museum as if they are foreign and unknown to him, so much so that he has to read the names of the objects to know what they are. A reason why the poet doesnt feel he can relate may be because he doesnt share the same experiences and doesnt have the same traditions and customs that other people, both his Eastern European parents had and his Australian culture, would have shared. He cant relate, or reminisce, or appreciate either of his two cultures, because he has never known enough about them to have an emotional attachment, and it is this lack of attachment that prevents him from feeling a sense of inclusion.The sense of exclusion from a group is also present in the film Wreck It Ralph. Ralph, who was the bad guy in an arcade game, was evermore ostracised from the rest of the characters in the game. He lived on a pile of bricks far away from everyone else. He, like Peter Skrzynecki, was often segregated from everyone else, except in the film, the exclusion wasintentional. In the same way Skrzynecki couldnt help not being able to relate to his father, Ralph couldnt help but break things, and the more he broke things, the more he would be distanced from the others in the game. He would have felt helpless and isolated, and his starve to belong with everyone else is what made him escape his game in search of a medal to prove with worth. In one scene of the movie, Ralph is seen attending a Bad-Anon, a support group for the villains in the arcade games.Here he is able to communicate his ideas and feelings to people who feel the same and go through the same things. Ralph can identify himself in the support group because they all share the same experiences. This act of comradery indicates that Ralph does in fact know how to connect to others, but that his problem is that there is simply no-one for him to establish that friendship with. Another protagonist in the film, Vanellope, also suffers from isolation and exclusion. When she meets Ralph, she expects him to exclude her as other people do, but upon breeding that he too is a rejected outcast, she reaches out to him and they become friends. This is a good example of how past experiences influence where we feel we belong. Their bond strengthens as the plot progresses, and as both Ralph and Vanellope grow closer and closer, their personalities grow and they develop trait that they didnt have before they had friends. Vanellope gains a sense of assertiveness, and Ralph learns to respect and consider peoples feelings.The characters in both the poems and the film both show the concept of not belonging. It is a radix that appears in art and modern media constantly, and portrays the idea that our experiences, both good and bad, influence who or where we feel we belong. We all root for the ones that overcome obstacles and win battles despite having disadvantages. We al l root for the underdog because we, as an audience, identify ourselves in them because we have all, at one point or another, felt the same.