Horror in Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Horror in Frankenstein EssayThere are many forms of accent and horror in this novel. There is a monster, theres grave robbing, the whole story is against religion and it is warning the reader that trying to play God can solitary(prenominal) guard bad consequences. The novel is controversial in its content and it focuses on slews prejudice and discrimination together with how people judge others too readily. Another issue that could have been scary for the readers at the time is the idea of electricity bringing life. Since electricity was a reasonably new thing, the concept of this new, weird technology describe in the book could have been seen as horrific.Also, the atmosphere was a big part of the horror and tension, pathetic fallacy was used when Dr Frankenstein was creating his monster It was already peerless in the morning the rain pattered dismally against the panes, and my candle was nearly burnt out, It was strange, at the time of the novel be published, for a woman to write a book quite as horrific as Frankenstein. There were many things which could have influenced bloody shame Shelley in writing a book of this sort, myths, religion, other novels.She could have been influenced by the legends of the poles when creating Robert Waltons character. She was most likely to have been influenced by scientific research and advances at the time such as discovering electricity. She could have been trying to get people to understand that this type or research and messing around with life and death were wrong. Lastly I think she also had literary influences and I believe that Mary Shelley wanted the novel to be romantic in a way. Mary Shelley creates a lot of tension in the novel, this all starts in letter iv from Robert Walton to his sister.She does this very effectively the whole way through the letter, the first line shows this, So strange an accident has happened to us that I cannot forbear recording it it consequently takes Walton quite a while to get to the point of explaining the accident, this creates a lot of tension. The whole story about Victor Frankenstein and the events in the letter four are told slowly and gradually adding to the sense of tension, mystery and intrigue for the reader. This effect is carried on throughout the whole novel which is, I think, one of the main reasons for the novel being so well known and enjoyed.There are quite a few causes of tension in letter four, another example is when Waltons ship was border by ice, which closed it in scarcely leaving her the sea-room in which she floated. This creates tension by giving the impression of them being confine in a parlous environment. After this, the spotting of the creature creates tension, we perceived a low carriage a being which had the shape of a man, but apparently of gigantic stature, sit in the sledge. The fact that this is a creature unlike a normal person adds to the tension.Also as the crew and Walton thought that they were alone, being away from civilization, trapped on a boat with a strange creature nearby creates fear as there would be no help at spate if needed. The next thing that created tension was having Dr Frankenstein on board he was quite a strange person and did not appear normal. When he was found he asked Walton where he was going before he boarded. This, under the circumstances, is a weird question to ask. Walton wrote, You may conceive my astonishment on hearing such a question from a man on the brink of destruction.

Management by exception Essay Example for Free

guidance by exception EssayWith the release of the new budget for year 9 from rivalry Bikes, there be a couple of areas that are a concern that warrant being addressed. The startle being the prediction of amount of wheel arounds to be sold Competition Bikes is expecting 3,510 units to be sold after a year 8 that sold altogether 3,400 units which was a 15% drop in gross revenue from the year prior (which sold approximately 4,000 units) with zero drop in bell point which may make it harder for customers to justify purchasing a bike in the current economy. Understandably, year 8 was in the middle of a recession and the economy could rebound for a productive year 9. However, with only an plain $984 being fatigued on advertisement, the expectations could fall short unless advertisement spending is increased to approximately the $2,000 range it was in year 7. Competition Bikes is putting themselves at risk for over ordering raw materials and a surplus of raw materials only ta kes up more(prenominal) storage space, which leads to extra gold being spent for storage.There is also an issue with General and Administration Expenses. General and Admin expenses is the same amount as it was in year 8 ($170,000). However, in year 7, Competition Bikes spent $12,000 less and sold 600 more units then it did in year 8. Year 7 was proof that Competition Bikes has the ability to produce and sell a successful amount of bikes without having an extremely high operational cost. That extra $12,000 could be spread into other aspects such as advertising, factory maintenance and even bonuses.2.A flexible budget is a budget that adjusts or flexes for changes in the volume of activity (Averkamp, 2013). A flexible budget is more useful than a silent budget because it is based on developed output. The difference between an developed output and a budgeted amount is known as a difference. When the amount of the actual result is higher than budgeted, it is considered favorable, whereas when the budgeted amount turns out higher is unfavorable.Within the Competition Bikes flexible budget there are a few favorable variances, the first one of none being within Net Sales. The lodge had a budget of $5,247,250, with the flexible budget being $5,117,385, however thefinal numbers were $5,096,847, which gives the company an unfavorable variance of -$130,065. Total Variable Cost however was a favorable expense. With a planned budget of $3,967,962 and a flexible budget of $3,869,612 the actual output was $3,805,400 the favorable variance came out to $98,349. Contribution margin was also an unfavorable variance (-$31,716).Advertising Expenses went over cost for an unfavorable variance of $3,754 from a standard budget of $28,412 and a flexible budget of $27,708. The extra money spent towards advertising may have been to help boost extra sales towards the end of the year. Transportation Out also went over its budget for an unfavorable variance by $5,607. However, the re is more to the Transportation Out than what the budget says. The price of shipment is supposed to be $30 per unit and with 87 less units sold there should be an extra $2,610 in the budget. This requires extra investigation.2A.In foothold of corrective action, the best course is to focus on where the points where there were unfavorable variances. A key point to that would be to also create realistic predictions of sales and budget. By predicting a high sales goal (one that exceeds the amount of units sold the year prior), Competition Bikes is potentially setting itself up for another down year.To keep another unfavorable variance in Net Sales, which was affected by the unfavorable Actual Output of Units Sold. Although the projection output was missed by only 87 units, that totaled out to $130,065. It would behoove Competition Bikes to create realistic predictions (as stated above). Another idea would to be to examine the sales process. Compare and occupation what strategies wer e compared between the successful year 7 and the down year 8 to determine if any changes took place in the sales process and development. Competition Bikes should not have been as aggressive as they were following a down year. An improved variance here could also directly affect the Contribution circumference and Operating Income, which both were unfavorable.Advertising Expenses should be increased to the level of year 7. Competition Bikes lowered their budget for advertising but yet ended up spending moreanyway. With the economy still in a rut, the chances of hitting a high prediction is slim, especially with low advertising. Since fewer sponsors are employ the products from Competition Bikes, it would be wise to advertise to a different market of users (i.e. college students, those who live in traffic congested cities (New York), bike cops, etc).Meanwhile, the conveying unfavorable variance could be fixed by determining what the additional costs were. Since the transportation c ost per units is $30, with sales prediction 87 less than projected, that is $2,610 that could have put transportation costs into favorable. The additional costs could be because of rising fuel prices, toll roads, raises for drivers, etc. Many avenues have to be explored in the future to save money on transportation (renegotiate contracts, new source of transportation, new transportation company, etc.)2B.Management by exception is the practice of examining the financial and operational results of a business, and only obstetrical delivery issues to the attention of management if results represent substantial differences from the budgeted or expected amount (Steven Bragg, 2014). This practice can be effective as it leaves upper management with more serious issues. By utilizing accurate and up-to-date information, management can keep the budget on track and consistent with what was forecasted. One main target for Management By Exception is net sales. Breaking down the yearly goals into weekly or monthly targets will allow the company to better breakdown the trends and delineate areas of need and growth. By monitoring the trend of sales, management can initiate discussions on how to improve sales and how to keep up with demand if sales are higher than expected.Competition Bikes would be wise to make start/restart contract negotiations to maintain consistent material and labor costs. Spending variance on materials was favorable but labor was unfavorable. If the price of the materials or labor increase substantially overtime, the budget could become more expensive, costing the company more money. whole caboodle CitedAverkamp, Harold. What is a flexible budget?. Learn Accounting Online for Free. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. .Bragg, Steven. What is management by exception? Questions Answers AccountingTools. What is management by exception? Questions Answers AccountingTools. N.p., 5 June 2013. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. .

Motivation Behind Creative Accounting Accounting Essay

Motivation Behind germinal Accounting Accounting Essay inventive explanation is a practice that potentially being lowtaken as a result from some individual c be more(prenominal) on their own sake and indirectly causes issues arise in ethical dimension of notional story. From information perspective, agency theory gives a clear picture on fictive story scenario. Whereby managers misuse their privileged position in manipulating pecuniary declareing in their own interest which providing superior information content to shareholder. Lack of personal accomplishment or unwillingness to carry out detailed analysis making individual shareholders do non surrender the clear view on the center of explanation consumption give a high possibility in the incidence of creative accounting.Definition of creative accountingIn the USA, the preferred terminus of creative accounting is earnings management, however in Europe the preferred term is creative accounting. Generally, creative acc ounting is accounting practice that falls after-school(prenominal) the regulation and give benefit to certain people. It can be described as a practice with a clear aim to interrupt the financial reporting process which affects describe income to make it looked normal and provides no true economic advantages to relevant parties like shareholders. Concisely, creative accounting is the transformation of financial accounting figures from what they actually are to what users desire by taking advantage of the accounting policies which is permitted by accounting standard.Motivation for creative accountingThere are several(prenominal) motivations have been place in stimulating the behaviour of creative accounting in the organization. These are proven by various researches being through in the past.Firstly, the significant motivator for creative accounting is to report a decrease in logical argument income to lower the tax paid. Second, to enable the fraternitys feat appear bump in f uture, company will maximize the account loss to make bad loss in that year. This is called big bath accounting for the purpose in smoothing the income. Thirdly, to provide positive view on expectations, securities valuation and reduction on venture for analysts in anticipated capital market trans marchs and maintain firms performance in analysts expectation.Other motivations are to manipulate profit in order to match the reported income to profit forecasts and to distract attention from oppose news by boosting companys profit figure though change in accounting policies. Managers motivations in managing earning aim to report a stable growth in profit not only to reduce the perception of variability toward organisations earnings, but also are in relation to income measurement. In order to make company faces less risk and gain more benefit in aspect of raising fund, take everywhere bids as well as prevent takeover by other company.Creative accounting is undeniable to maintain or p romote the share price and create a good profit growth. To gain benefit from inside knowledge, music director of the company engage creative accounting to postpone the release of information to the market. Last but not least, many types of contractual right, obligation and constraints based on the amount reported in the accounts also motivate company to apply creative accounting.Techniques of creative accountingCreative accounting is actively utilize in six areas. The first area is regulatory flexibility, whereby changes in accounting policy are permitted by accounting regulation. For example, IAS permit carrying non-current asset can be recover at all revalued amount or depreciated historical cost in asset valuation. Secondly, dearth of regulation by which some accounting treatment top executive not be fully regulated as there is few mandatory requirements.The third area is management has large extent of estimation in discretionary areas, such as assumption in bad debts provis ion. Fourthly, some transactions can be timed as to show the desired display in accounts. For example, the manager is free to choose the measure to sell the investment just to increase earning in the accounts. Fifthly, to manipulate balance sheet amounts by utilize artificial transaction.Last but not least, by reclassification and presentation of financial amounts through balance sheet manipulation in order to smooth financial ratios and also based on cognitive reference point in financial numbers presentation.Existence of creative accountingTheoretically, managers motivation in creative accounting is acceptable. However, there is various empirical studies have concluded that certain of companies apply a particular techniques of creative accounting to some extent, for example, applied in non-discretionary component of the bad debts provision. Other evidence is classificatory smoothing by using the extraordinary items, such as pensions cost, dividends from unconsolidated subsidiar ies, extraordinary charges and credits and research and growth costs in manipulating the figure of income in financial statements as it was proven by several researchers.Merchant found that managers acknowledge manipulative behaviours in accounting information and Black argued non-current asset sales are exploited by manager as creative accounting tools through timing of its transactions since relevant accounting standards are permissive. Creative accounting behaviour is slightly still persisting although regulations are tightened.Amat reported out of 35 large listed companies especially in Spanish identified that creative accounting behaviour was overt and considered legal. In addition, there are 3 possible indicators of creative accounting (1) auditor report qualifications, (2) special authorizations from regulatory agencies, and (3) changes in accounting practices.In Spanish case, the direction of creative accounting was connected to general economic conditions and this somehow affected reported earning and adjusted earning against Spanish listed companies. However, there are some unique features of Spanish accounting environment bring out special attention such as the audit report qualification are ordinary, and creative accounting may be arose from the collusion of the regulatory authorities.Creative accounting behaviours can be identified by having thoughtful analysis of financial statement or stick withd by reasonably well- informed user of financial statement. But, how clearness the users of statement observe creative accounting is questionable. As in Spanish, analysts fail to report the existence of creative accounting. Anyway, value of information content in financial statement is concerned even though financial statements give adequate information enable users to adjust for creative accounting as certain investors rely on reported earning numbers in income statement.Ethical perspective of creative accountingThere are some ethical issues concernin g the exercise of creative accounting. Revsine stated that loopholes in accounting standards provide manager some spaces in the sense of manipulate the timing in income reporting. In his opinion, accounting is a tool to supervise contracts between managers and financial groups, identify possibility of accounting manipulation and how properly it reflected in pricing and contracting decisions. Ethics of bias in choosing accounting policy which implied in creative accounting can be seen through accounting regulators and management level.There are 2 views of accounting (deontological and teleological) which viewed distinctly by Revsine and Ruland. From Rulands perspective, deontological view is the moral applied to actual action and teleological view is actions should be judged based on the result of such action. Whereas from Revsine perspective, teleological view of accounting is employed in closed-door sector which permit manager to use loose standard to achieve what they want and d eontological view is about strict standard in preventing accounting manipulation in public sector. In addition, Ruland has also differentiated positive responsibility and negative responsibility. From accounting perspective, positive responsibility refers to present an account free from bias. Meanwhile, negative responsibility refers to managers would be liable for actions done by others, which they fail to avoid. Compared to duty to act, Ruland has stressed on duty to refrain, which means avoid the inherent bias in creative accounting. Its importance can be looked into 3 issues, which are relentlessness, certainty of result and responsibility.Professional accountant regards creative accountings are ethically doubted. Conner stated that managers move to misapply accounting principles to give better appearance in financial statement to investors. Conflict of interest, client requests to alter account and for tax evasion are the nigh frequent ethical issues. Accountants attitudes to ward creative accounting depend on whether it is arisen from misuse of accounting principle and manipulation of transactions. Merchant and Rockness found that accountants more novice in misuse of accounting principles as accountants duty is on rule-based and it falls within their expertise. Failure to act ethically may damage the reputation as an accountant unless he or she reports the abuse to the appropriate party. Slotting is not an acceptable accounting treatment in company practices.There are some action can be taken by accounting regulators in order to restrain creative accountingDecrease allowable accounting method or fix method used in different condition so that scope for choosing accounting method can be narrow downed. Companies should also be consistent in using method chosen by them.Some rules should be established to reduce the abuse of judgement. For instance, International Accounting Standards presently have almost removed the extraordinary item from operating profit . Also, companies should be consistent in applying accounting policy to restrain the abuse of judgement.Implementation of Substance over form can decrease artificial transaction and this can make linked transaction become one as whole.To restrict the use of timing of genuine transaction, item in account should be regularly revaluated. The increase or decrease in value should be stated in the account each year the revaluation occurs. International Accounting Standards also tends to value item at fair value rather than historical cost.Besides modification in accounting regulations, ethical standards and governance codes must be properly executed to avoid individuals from performing creative accounting.Comparison with other author on the article presentedFrom the study done by Dilip and Eno in Creative Accounting in Bangladesh And Global Perspectives found that the cause of creative accounting is the conflicts of interest among different interest groups. For example, managing sharehol ders want to pay less tax and dividends. Investor-shareholders are interested to get more dividends and capital gains. Countrys tax authorities would like to collect more and more taxes. Employees are interested to get better salary and higher profit share.Dilip and Eno also reported that creative accounting may arise under 3 different financial market conditionsDepending on the financial market evaluation of the companys future prospects, company keep changes its shares to attract investors to contribute to such shares either at par or at a premium.Aim to show a desirable picture of its financial conditions when the company whose shares are already listed in a stock exchange.Based on inflated profits through overvaluation of assets, undervaluation of liabilities and change in systems of stock valuation that promote the image of company in a short time, company having its shares listed in the stock exchange may declare and pay high dividends.Both of them examines creative accounting in Bangladesh scenario, they found out many of the company prospectuses published in Bangladesh are based on creative accounting. An expert opinion survey also done by them and result showed that although it is not clear for how long, creative accounting has been clearly practice in Bangladesh. Creative accounting not only being proficient in Bangladesh but it seems to be widespread globally in developed countries such as UK, USA as well as Australia. And the case of Enron is the most broadly known case of creative accounting in USA.Dilip and Eno also suggested that the code of professional ethics should be strictly overemphasized. Accounting education is needed as well as the responsible of instructor to instill moral values of integrity, honesty and sincerity into students character as it is critical to modern society, the business world and the accounting profession.

Facebook: A Useful Communication Tool

Facebook A Useful Communication ToolThis report provides an analysis about Facebook, which has become an important source of communication straight days. The report starts with an introduction of Facebook, history of Facebook and its importance now days. The report then moves on the practice session of the social network as a communication tool, entertainment, ancestry and information. The report as well tells about the practise of Facebook among different battalion of different regions and different ages. The report then covers the main advantages and disadvantages of Facebook and then fin aloney discusses how to make the usage of Facebook limited and safe.1.0 IntroductionA social network is defined as an internet based service that allows its users to create a public or clandestine profile in which they could list their personal details, hobbies, relationships and share it with people they want to share their personal details with. Most popular social networks now days are Facebook, Twitter, Linked in, My Space and Google Plus. This research is carried out to provide information about Facebook, the importance of Facebook now days and to mention advantages and disadvantages of Facebook. Facebook was found on quaternate February 2004 by a teenage boy Mark Zuckerberg in Stanford. The companys first material body was thefacebook.com, after a month company shifted its platform of functions to Florida and Palo Alta. The company bought its secern Facebook from the website Facebook.com in 2005 for $200,000. After 8 years Facebook has become one of the nigh famous website on the internet, even from a school boy to a take business man everybody seems to be addicted to Facebook. This research tells us about the use of Facebook by different people of different ages and regions. People of different ages use Facebook for different draw a bead ons children and teenagers or soly use this network for communication and entertainment, Business men use this for mu ltiple purposes such as communication, information, and marketing and also as an entertainment. check to research carried out Facebook is utilise in every country of the world. The report then finally discusses what problems have risen as a result of surplusage use of Facebook and its effect on International media and daily life of people.2.0 Importance of Facebook now days check to this research Facebook is a lawful activity in every country of the world, and from a small child to a busy professional business man Facebook is an addiction to all of them. Facebook has become a vox of daily routine of people and for some people part of their hourly routine, people of all ages use Facebook for following different purposes.2.1 CommunicationThe main purpose of this social network is communication the main logo of Facebook is connect and share with the people in your life. Facebook allows its users to chat, talk and share their daily life activities with their friends and family.2.2 En tertainment callable to the advance features of this network entertainment has become as equal purpose as communication as a member logs into his Facebook account his attention is quickly diverted towards different entertainment stuff like time line applications, online game applications, picture jokes, funny videos and former(a) interesting content.2.3 Source of EarningFacebook is also utilise as a source of earning by people i.e. Facebook is one of the near visited websites on internet so it is an excellent website for advertisement and offers about brands and products, therefore Facebook is also used for marketing of business and hence it assists people in earning money.2.4 Data Storage and InformationSome people also use Facebook as selective information storage i.e. to store their memorable photos and videos on internet as in case their compute data gets corrupt or lost. Facebook is also sometimes used to obtain information about famous people, locations, cultures and events . Facebook also keeps people up to date about the world.3.0 Usage of Facebook by people of different ages and different regionsAccording to the research carried out Facebook population is made up of Millions of people around the globe. As compared to males, females lead the population on Facebook young adults aged 18 to 25, receive the most population of the Facebook due to their interests in chatting, entertainment, cyber dating and other youth stuff. After this age sector Facebook is heavily populated from people aged 26 to 34, due to the same interests as of young adults. The rest of the population is covered by people of different ages including children and people over 45. Coming to the regional statics of Facebook usage, Facebook is a lawful activity in every country of the world. America has the most Facebook users of the world, Brazil has the second most users of Facebook in the World and third country with most Facebook users is India. Ireland possesses 59th position in re levance to the Facebook population. All these statistics show that Facebook is huge and on the present day it is the most popular social network and one of the most visited website on internet.4.0 Advantages and disadvantages of FacebookToday the world has become a place of instant communication with the help of social networks like Facebook, twitter, Google plus etc. and by other means of communication like emails and telephones. Facebook is the most popular social network on internet and its use is rapidly increasing, according to research carried out Facebook is the most popular communication tool used, followed by SMS and email.Facebook is the most popular social network in the world, with over 350 million users, so it should come as no surprise to discover that people are using it as a primary tool for communication, said Hazel Butters, CEO of Prompt Communications.As furthest as communication and sharing Facebook is considered as an excellent tool, solely problems arise when Facebook becomes an addiction. Facebook has become a part of daily routine of people and for some people part of their hourly routine and hence they are moving away from their daily healthy activities by spending hours on Facebook. Teens especially are being accused of constantly logged in their account, some specialists narrate that this develops social skills in them which are essential in practical life. But other people guess that this disturbs their studies and their healthy outdoor activities. Privacy is another(prenominal) issue with Facebook, although the social network offers the users full control of their private information still there is insecurity with galore(postnominal) different features of Facebook, also hacking is another threat for users, if some account gets hacked all the personal details and stuff of the user will be leaked. Another drawback of Facebook is subterfuge and fake accounts, according to the stats 83 million accounts on Facebook are fake or dupl icate, this creates a lot of confusion among the users e.g. people may not be talking or sharing their details with the person they think they actually are, sometimes people are fooled into funding or sharing money for the name of some well-known company or fund raisers by fake accounts. Facebook an incredible place for young boys and girls in relevance of dating sometimes becomes a goldmine for identity theft and dating Sometimes people are in love with person they dont even know that exists or not. Cyber bullying is another major problem with Facebook, people often criticize others on Facebook and sometimes a group targets an individual and insult the person in front of their friends or even family. This causes mental stress to people, makes them victim of complex and diverts their attention from their carrier or studies. With all these problems it is hard decided that Facebook is a beneficial or not, but instead of criticizing a solution should be found. Facebook was found for c ommunication and entertainment purpose so it should be kept that way, Facebook should not be taken as an addiction and there should be a small time period for it. Facebook should not be preferred over studies, outdoor activities or work. Moral determine should be followed on Facebook one must not abuse somebodys privacy, should not cheat anybody on Facebook or criticize any other person on Facebook. This way we can make Facebook beneficial.5.0 ConclusionThe research carried out tells us that Facebook has become an important part of our lives by means of communication, entertainment and business all around the globe, but it is misused by people and therefore it is losing its reputation. But instead of walking out from Facebook it should be used properly to avoid the spillage of a very useful communication and entertainment tool.ContentsGeekosystem.com, 2012, to prove a point dating site steals 250,000 profiles on Facebook, 2012, http//www.geekosystem.com/dating-site-stole-facebook- profiles/, accessed on 25/11/2012.Katin Rogers, 2012, Facebook users raise privacy concerns as company tweaks security settings, 15/10/2012, http//www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/oct/15/facebook-users-privacy-concerns-security, accessed on 25/11/2012.Social Bakers, 2012, Facebook Statistics, 2012, http//www.socialbakers.com/facebook-statistics, accessed on 25/11/2012.History of Facebook, 2012, History of Facebook, 2012, http//www.historyoffacebook.com/, accessed on 25/11/2012.Mike Sachoff, 2009, Survey found Facebook most useful communication tool, 11/12/2009, http//www.webpronews.com/survey-finds-facebook-most-popular-communication-tool-2009-12, accessed on 25/11/2012.

Fashion Essays Fashion Industry

Fashion Essays Fashion IndustryFor individuals who work in the hammer industry, it is a handicraft in itself as healthy as a private interest.TopicThe importance of fashion in our daily lives is a given. For individuals who work in the fashion industry, it is a profession in itself as well as a personal interest. For those come outside the industry, fashion still plays a very important role. However, many people do non realize that fashion is to a fault a valuable tool for analyzing culture and for assessing the values of that culture. Our fashion choices tell people who we ar and what our standing is in association in addition, our choices hire an impact on our ability to succeed or to fail in authoritative(a) areas of our lives. The topic of search for this proposal is an analysis of the ship send packingal in which clothing functions as a reflection of our culture, as well as a tool that can enhance or hinder our mastery in life.RationalePeople have been using clo thing and accessories for centuries. In fact, as ONeil has pointed out, clothing and accessories are not the only items utilise to decorate the ashes. across the globe, the counsellings in which people present themselves vary widely. Items commonly used range from body and hair paint to decorative scarring, and from perfume to body deformation (ONeil 2005 n.p.). Clothing is primarily worn, of course, for practical reasons, such as protection from the weather and outdoor elements. It is also worn to cover certain fragmentises of the body, either out of modesty or cultural restrictions. The spokespersons of the body that are covered may be different, depending upon the culture and location Clothing may also be used a sort of talisman to ward off evil, or a type of supernatural protection. In Christian populations, wearing a medal of St. Christopher is thought to protect the wearer from evil (ONeil 2005 n.p.). In a similar vein, carrying a rabbits foot or some other item associa ted with luck is a way of using supernatural assistance.However, clothing is worn for more than than the reasons stated above. ONeil asserts that long before we are physically near enough to talk to people, their appearance announces their gender, age, economical class, and ofttimes regular intentions (2005 n.p.). Fashion is also a medium by which people communicate messages about gender, occupation, class, and wealth. This is something we learn to recognize when we are very young. We also come to recognize what ONeil refers to as a vocabulary of dress. In other words, in addition to the actual items of clothing we wear, there are other features that we have come to accept as part of dress. Among these are hairstyles, makeup, and accessories such as jewelry. Additionally, body decoration such as tattoos and piercings have come to be considered part of the modern vocabulary of dress. According to Joanne Entwistle, in contemporary culture, the body has become the site of identity. We follow up our bodies as separate from others and increasingly we identify with our bodies as containers of our identities and places of personal expression (2000 138).An important aspect of fashion is its relationship to society at large. In recent years, this has become considerably more complex. The way we dress says a great deal more about us than many people realize. What we wear presents a statement to the universe. It is another way of revealing certain learning about ourselves to others without saying a word, we give out clues about our social background, our economic status, and our images of ourselves. As Entwistle has suggested, dress is tied up to social life in more than one way it is produced out of economic, political, technological conditions as well as shaped by social., cultural, aesthetic ideas (2000 111).The significance of clothing goes beyond what we wear. A pair of blue jeans is not just a pair of blue jeans. The brand is often just as or more importan t as the article of clothing. Brand recognition is a crucial factor in the world of fashion, especially for younger generations. Faedda asserts that for young people jeans have become a tool of social and political protest, of adherence and membership, symbol and emblem for stylists jeans have become a trendy casual product, a refined prt a porter article or quite a high fashion creation (Faedda 20054).Not only is clothing a key to who we are it also plays a role in how far we can travel in certain circles. It has been said that the right clothing can grant us access to the right places and the right people (Jones 2002 21). Some scholars theorize that what we wear affects how we act, as well as how others react to us. According to ONeil, putting on certain types of clothing can change your behavior and the behavior of others towards you (2005n.p.). He uses the example of identicals, explaining that the message conveyed simply by wearing the clothing associated with a particular pr ofession is both immediate and strong. One specific example ONeil mentions is that of a study of Spanish policemen. Without their uniforms, they were seen as having little or no effect on people, even though they were in fact identified as policemen. With their uniforms on, however, they acted in a much more aggressive manner. In addition, the people who saw them in uniform were much more responsive to directions.ONeil also explains that uniforms are designed to pull this kind of response Most uniforms are consciously symbolic so that they can rapidly and conclusively communicate statusThe ribbons and other insignias on the U.S. sailors uniform can tell even a stranger about his status, authority, and military experience (2005 n.p.). And it is important to note that uniforms can include things beyond clothing, such as specific hairstyles that are commonly associated with certain groups of individuals. The uniform hairstyle of punkers is one example of this. It is presume by the we arers that the public leave recognize these markers and make the connection to a certain groupit is necessary to know what these culturally defined symbols mean in the context that they are used in order to understand what is being communicated (ONeil 2005 n.p.). According to Faedda, the uniform as we know it has become a transgressive symbol that is associated with the so-called subcultures or antifashions, political and social movements, music, mass protests and juvenile cultural phenomena generally (Faedda 2005 4).In addition to its many other uses, dress is also used as a form of camouflage. According to Faedda, dress covers, frames, hides and masks the body. In this sense it works to distinguish and, in the same time, to link oneself to the others dress is our filter with the world (2005 4). This financial statement that dress is often used to hide or mask the body suggests that there is something unpleasant, undesirable, or even shameful about the body. This in turn brings up a number of issues about clothing and about that which it disguises. According to some scholars, the role of the body has been evolving in the affluent West, there is a tendency for the body to be seen as an entity which is in the process of becoming a project which should be worked at and accomplished as part of an individuals self-identity (Shilling 1993 5).The sentiment of the body as a project suggests a dissociation of the self from the body This point is echoed by Entwistle, who asserts that fashion, dress and consumption provide ways of traffic with the problems of the modern world, characterized by increasing fragmentation and a sense of chaos. Fashion opens up possibilities for framing the self, however temporarily (2000 139). In this sense, fashion takes on apparently therapeutic aspects in response to an increasingly complex and chaotic world, the one thing we may feel we can control is our sense of self. Since that self is often expressed finished fashion statemen ts, the role of fashion takes on additional significance. As Gilman has commented, in a world in which we are judged by how we appear, the sentiment that we can change our appearance is liberating (1999 3). In fact, as Gilman elaborates,To become someone else or to become a better version of ourselves in the eyes of the world is something we all want. Whether we do it with ornaments such as jewelry or through the wide range of physical alterations from hair dressing to tattoos to body piercing, we respond to the necessity of seeing and being seen. (Gilman 1999 3)Aims and ObjectivesThe primary aim of undertaking this research is to explore the intricate and complex messages that are revealed by the types of dress we choose. Our fashion choices say a great deal about us as individuals on a blanket(a)er level, fashion trends reflect important aspects of any given culture during a certain time frame. Questions that are driving the design of the project includeWhat does fashion indica te about the wearer?How does fashion reflect the values and beliefs of different cultures?What is the significance of fashion trends?By combining information from scholarly research, articles from contemporary fashion magazines, and data from network sources, the final project will seek to answer the questions above and pull in ones horns relevant conclusions about the complex relationship between fashion and identity.Proposed MethodologyProposed methodology for this project will consist of a combination of quantitative and qualitative sources. A variety of print sources will be used, including books, scholarly journals, fashion magazines, and newspaper articles. Internet choices will also be an integral part of the research process. Current statistical information as well as the latest information on industry trends is more readily available on the internet. This makes the internet a valuable resource when studying an industry that is characterized by rapid change.Additional met hodology in the form of questionnaire administration is also proposed as part of this research project. Specifically, a questionnaire would be designed in order to collect data regarding key points that are speculated upon in the research. This questionnaire will be formulated to elicit a range of attitudes based on a series of multiple-choice questions. Although the target audience will be limited by time and resource constraints, participants will be selected at random. In this way, the data collected will reflect society at large.Questionnaire administration will be executed through email and through direct contact with the public. Data collected from questionnaires will be organized and interpreted in terms of stratified clusters, in belongings with the original project format, and will be analyzed, and presented in conjunction with other findings. If discrepancies are discovered between the anticipated and actual results, possible explanations will be formulated and included i n the analysis.As for modes of research as indicated above, information will come from a variety of sources. This will include scholarly research, articles from contemporary fashion magazines, and data from internet sources. Information about research sources will be listed at the end of the paper in a fiber list.The prolongation list will consist of two parts. The first part of the reference list will include sources that are quoted or otherwise directly used in the body of the paper. The second part of the list will include sources that were consulted moreover which do not appear in the body of the paper. If a questionnaire is used, a copy will be included in a supplementary appendix, along with all additional relevant information that is not included in the body of the paper.ContentThe content of the research will be organized in chapters and will include sub-headings within each chapter. A Table of contents will be included to indicate the chapter divisions, Reference List, and Appendices (if used).References and BibliographyAll research sources will be listed at the end of the paper in a reference list. Sources that are quoted or otherwise directly used in the body of the paper will be indicated as part of the primary reference list. Sources that were consulted but which do not appear in the body of the paper will be included in a supplement to the primary reference list. Appendices, if bring to be helpful, will also be included at the end of the paper.Critical PathA proposed timetable will be formulated upon approval of topic, and will consist of goals and completion dates for each portion of the project. The timetable will be arranged to allow for research, data collection and interpretation, and writing of the paper itself. Time will be allotted for initial and final drafts, as well as proofreading and final revisions before submission.Reflective StatementThe complexity of the fashion industry lends itself to a broad choice of career trajectories. This research project will further elucidate the options available. One of the options that has a great deal of appeal is working as a Fashion Consultant, since preliminary research for this project indicates that this is a challenging and rapidly expanding profession in the industry. In addition, opportunities for further research on a more advanced level will be explored.ReferencesEntwistle, J. 2000. The fashioned body Fashion, dress, and modern social theory. Cambridge Polity Press. Faedda, Barbara. 2005. Wearing and appearing An anthropological analysis through the knock off windows Retrieved December 23, 2005 from http//www.anthroglobe.ca/docs/WEARING%20AND%20APPEARING.htm Gilman, Sander. 1999. Making the body beautiful A cultural history of aesthetic surgery.Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press. Jones, S. 2002. Fashion design. London Laurence King Publishing Ltd. ONeil, Dennis. 2005. hidden aspects of communication. Retrieved December 23, 2005 from http//anthro.palomar. edu/language/language_6.htm Shilling, C. 1993. The body and social theory. London Sage.

Allen Ginsberg’s America and Kerouac’s Vanity of Puluoz :: Ginsberg America Essays

Allen Ginsbergs America and Kerouacs Vanity of Puluoz Throughout the words and the lives of the Beat Generation, whiz theme is apparent America, everywhere from Allen Ginsbergs America, to diddlyshit Kerouacs love for Thomas Wolfe. Although the views of America differ, they all find some reason to focus in on this land. Ginsberg, in his poem America, makes a prime that not many of us can see as obvious It occurs to me that I am America. I am talking to myself again. Each and every one of us make up America, and when we complain about something that is wrong, we are complaining about ourselves. Being raised by his mother as a Communist, and macrocosm homosexual, Ginsberg found many things wrong with America, and he does his fare share of complaining, but at the end he decides, America Im putting my indulge shoulder to the wheel. Ginsberg didnt want to sit and watch everything go wrong. He was going to do something, despite the fact that he was not the ideal American. Kerouacs v iew of America was completely different from Ginsbergs view. Kerouac saw America as a beautiful place, with many unexplored regions for himself, and the rest of the people in the country. Kerouac credited his love for America to Thomas Wolfe. In Kerouacs book Vanity of Puluoz he said that Wolfe made him realize that America was not a dreary place to work and struggle in, it was a poem. If everybody thought of America as a poem rather than a place where we just bewilder to in order to live work and die, this country would be the ideal place that Kerouac wanted it to be. The Night of the Wolfeans was an event in the lives of the Beats that affected them for a long time. It brought together all of the Beats feelings toward America. They were put into two categories Wolfeans, and non-Wolfeans. Kerouac and Hal Chase were heterosexual, all-American boys who believed in America, the perfect image of the American citizen. The non-Wolfeans (William Burroughs and Ginsberg) were also known as Baudelaireans or Black Priests. They wanted to destroy the Wolfeans and all that they believed in. The Beats felt that everybody fell into one of these two categories. One thing that all the Beats concord upon, was that in order to truly become a great writer, you had to be considered an American writer.

A Feminist Perspective of A Dolls House Essay -- Feminism Feminist Wo

A Feminist Perspective of A Dolls HouseIn A Dolls House, Ibsen portrays the bleak picture of a role held by women of all economic classes that is sacrificial. The female characters in the play back-up Noras affirmation that even though men are unable to sacrifice their integrity, hundreds of thousands of cleaning woman have. Mrs. Linde found it necessary to abandon Krogstad, her adjust but poor love, and marry a richer man in order to support her mother and two brothers. The she-goat has to abandon her children to support herself by working for Nora. Though Nora is economically advantaged, in equality to the other female characters, she leads a hard life because society dictates that Torvald be the marriages dominant member. Torvald condescends Nora and inadvertently forces Nora to hide the loan from him. Nora knows that Torvald could never accept the idea that his wife, or any other woman, could aid in saving his life. At the offshoot of A Dolls House, Nora seems completely happy. She responds to Torvalds teasing, relishes in the excitement of his new job, and takes pleasure in the company of her children and friends. Nora never appears to disagree with her doll-like existence, in which she is cuddled, pampered and patronized. As the play progresses, Noras true character appears and proves that she is more than just a silly girl as Torvald calls her. Her intellect of the business details related to the dept she incurred in taking out a loan to help Torvalds health shows her intelligence and her abilities beyond being merely a wife. The secret labor she undertakes to pay off her dept demonstrates her determination and ambition. In addition, her willingness to cut short the law in order to aid her... ...dlike mentality and needs to grow forrader she can raise her own children. Her defiance of Torvald, when he refuses to let her leave, reflects her epiphany that she isnt cause to let Torvald dictate her actions. The height of Noras realization comes when she tells Torvald that her duty to herself is as strong as her duty as a wife and mother. She now sees that she is a adult male being before she is a wife and mother and she owes herself to explore her personality, ambitions, and beliefs. Works Consulted Clurman, Harold. Ibsen. upstart York Macmillan. 1977 Ibsen, Henrik. Four Major Plays. New York Oxford University Press, 1998 Shaw, Bernard. A Dolls House Again. Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Detroit Gale question Inc., 1979. Templeton, Joan. The Doll House Backlash Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen. PMLA (January 1989) 28-40. A Feminist Perspective of A Dolls House Essay -- Feminism Feminist WoA Feminist Perspective of A Dolls HouseIn A Dolls House, Ibsen portrays the bleak picture of a role held by women of all economic classes that is sacrificial. The female characters in the play back-up Noras assertion that even though men are unable to sacrifice their integrity, hun dreds of thousands of woman have. Mrs. Linde found it necessary to abandon Krogstad, her true but poor love, and marry a richer man in order to support her mother and two brothers. The nanny has to abandon her children to support herself by working for Nora. Though Nora is economically advantaged, in comparison to the other female characters, she leads a hard life because society dictates that Torvald be the marriages dominant member. Torvald condescends Nora and inadvertently forces Nora to hide the loan from him. Nora knows that Torvald could never accept the idea that his wife, or any other woman, could aid in saving his life. At the beginning of A Dolls House, Nora seems completely happy. She responds to Torvalds teasing, relishes in the excitement of his new job, and takes pleasure in the company of her children and friends. Nora never appears to disagree with her doll-like existence, in which she is cuddled, pampered and patronized. As the play progresses, Noras t rue character appears and proves that she is more than just a silly girl as Torvald calls her. Her understanding of the business details related to the dept she incurred in taking out a loan to help Torvalds health shows her intelligence and her abilities beyond being merely a wife. The secret labor she undertakes to pay off her dept demonstrates her determination and ambition. In addition, her willingness to break the law in order to aid her... ...dlike mentality and needs to grow before she can raise her own children. Her defiance of Torvald, when he refuses to let her leave, reflects her epiphany that she isnt obligated to let Torvald dictate her actions. The height of Noras realization comes when she tells Torvald that her duty to herself is as strong as her duty as a wife and mother. She now sees that she is a human being before she is a wife and mother and she owes herself to explore her personality, ambitions, and beliefs. Works Consulted Clurman, Harold. Ibsen. New York Macmillan. 1977 Ibsen, Henrik. Four Major Plays. New York Oxford University Press, 1998 Shaw, Bernard. A Dolls House Again. Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Detroit Gale Research Inc., 1979. Templeton, Joan. The Doll House Backlash Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen. PMLA (January 1989) 28-40.